Locomotion Flashcards
What is the function of the musculoskeletal system?
What are its components?
The musculoskeletal system allows movement and interaction with our environment.
Its components are:
- Bones
- Joints
- Muscles
List the functions of bones, joints and muscles
Bones:
- Structural support
- Protection
- Calcium store
- Haematopoiesis (parts of the bone invovlved in RBC production)
Joints
- Facilitate movement: (they dont generate movement)
- Allow growth
- Stability
Muscles
- Generate movement
- Generate heat
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Label the diagram
List the characteristics of the outer cortex and inner medulla
Outer cortex
- Compact (cortical) bone
- Dense
- Strong
- Heavy
Inner medulla
- Spongy (trabecular/cancellous) bone
- Light
- Weaker
- More porous
What is the function of the medulla (and which specific bones are involved in this)?
- The medulla MAY contain bone marrow
- In some bones the marrow is the site of hematopoiesis: RBC and WBC protection
- skull
- vertebrae
- Sternum
- ribs
- hip bone
- in the proximal cancellous ends of the long bones femur and humerus
Label the diagram
Describe the bone’s neurovascular supply
Periosteum (fibrous connective tissue “sleeve”):
- Vascularised: has neurovascular bundles in it - vein, artery, nerve, lymphatics
- Supplies the compact bone around the outside of the bone (not spongy bone)
- It is very well innervated, very sensitive to sensation: during fractures most of the pain is actually from the periosteum tearing
Nutrient vessels (nutrient artery & vein). Supplies medullary cavity:
- Bone marrow
- Spongy bone
- Deep compact bone
Label the diagram
NB. Epiphysis and epiphyseal growth plate conected. Metaphysis comes after
Metaphysis = neck of bone
Diaphysis = shaft of bone
How do long bones develop? Name and describe the process
Long bones develop via endochondral ossification:
- process in which an initial small, hyaline cartilage version of the bone grows and turns into bone (ossifies)
- begins to ossify via 2 ossification centers – the primary ossification centre in the diaphysis and the secondary ossificaiton cenre in the epiphysis
- Epiphyseal growth plate remains hyaline cartilage as long as the bone continues to grow - this is where most of the growth of the bone occurs
- Once you reach your ultimate height, the growth plates fuse
What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
Tendon = connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
Ligament = connective tissue connecting two bones
Label the different types of bone with examples
What are the 2 divisions of the skeleton?
Label them and their constituent parts
What is the seeming exception?
The sacrum is part of axial skeleton, but technically also part of the pelvic girldle (appendicular).
The axial classiciation overrides the appendicular
NOTE:
- coccyx not included in axial skeleton
- Appendicular = upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach them
How many vertebra do we have? What are their subdivisions?
How many curvatures does our vertebral column have?
Label them
What causes their development?
Every adult has 4 curves intheir vertebral column
The curves that are the same as the fetus – primary curvature
Secondary curvature = develops as a result of bipedalism and weight bearing
Where are spinal nerves found?
What kind of joint occurs between the articular processes of vertebrae?
What can it be affected by?
In the intervertebral foraminae (which form between adjacent vertebrae - only appear when the vertebrae are stacked together)
Vertebral facets (on processes) joined by:
- Facet joint: synovial plane joint
- Between inferior/superior articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae
- Affected by arthritis
Which part of the body do the spinal nerves supply?
How do they connect with that body part and with the spinal cord?
The spinal nerves supply the soma (body wall)
They connect with the soma via anterior and posterior rami (branches)
They connect with the spinal cord via roots and rootlets