Locomotion

Question 1

Name the 9 Patterns of Locomotion in order

Answer 1

Rolling
Crawling
Creeping
Walking
Running
Jumping
Galloping
Hopping
Skipping

Question 2

Describe two types of rolling and when they are seen in an infant

Answer 2

Log-rolling - 4 months

Segmental Rolling - Prone to Supine: 6-8 Months

Question 3

What is the main difference between creeping and crawling?

Answer 3

Crawling - on belly

Creeping - abdominals lifted off the ground

Question 4

Describe the 6 Variables of Gait

Answer 4

Step Length - Heel of one foot to heel of the other foot
Step Width - Space between inside of feet after a step
Stride Length - heel strike on one foot to heel strike on the same foot
Cycle time - time to complete a stride of on one limb
Velocity - Distance/unit of time
Cadence - Steps/minute

Question 5

Name the essential requirements for successful locomotion (5)

Answer 5

Progression - ability to produce sufficient joint torque and GRF to propel the body forward

Stability (Postural Control) - Trunk and Hip Muscle control of HAT; coordinating the body to adjust to perturbations and the change in COM and adjust posture as needed

Adaptability - Adjusting to changes of the outside world (obstacles etc.), vision plays a key role

Long-Term viability - minimization of stress on tissue and minimization of energy expenditure

Long-Distance Navigation - navigating long distances to unseen locations

Question 6

Can walking occur without somatosensory input?

Answer 6

Yes, but with slower cadence, again visual input is key to efficient locomotion

Question 7

What does the vestibular system do during walking?

Answer 7

• Stabilizes head
• Stabilizes gaze during head movement
• Alignment relative to gravity
• Response to slips/trips

Question 8

What is vision critical for?

Answer 8

Short Term - Avoidance

Long Term - Accomodation

Question 9

How many steps and falls did 12-19 month olds average in the study by Dr. Karen Adolf?

Answer 9

Steps - 2368

Falls - 17

Question 10

What are some Gait Parameter changes?

Answer 10

Step length increases with growth in stature

Cadence decreases throughout childhood

Velocity increases from 1-3 years

Question 11

At what age do children have a mature gait pattern?

Answer 11

4 years

Question 12

Where does the COM lie at age 7?

Answer 12

L3

Question 13

What are the ambulation speeds for normal young adults? (Velocity, cadence, and step length)

Answer 13

1. 46 m/s
2. 9 steps/s; 112 steps/min
3. 3 cm (30.05 in)

Question 14

What are some gait changes in older adults?

Answer 14

see ppt. chart slide 29

Question 15

Slips and trips account for what percent of falls?

Answer 15

47%

Question 16

What are some other factors that affect gait?

Answer 16

Cognitive
   -fear of falling
   -multitasking during gait
Sensory
Cardiopulmonary
Musculoskeletal

Question 17

Running characteristics

Answer 17

Stance and Swing along with Flight Phase, swing phase 60% - 40% Stance Phase

Question 18

Define Galloping

Answer 18

Asymmetric gait mode, walk on one leg followed by a run on the other leg

Question 19

Define Hopping

Answer 19

Asymmetric pattern of locomotion (on one leg)

Question 20

Define Skipping

Answer 20

A step then a hop on one leg followed by a step then a hop on the other leg