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BIO energy budgets > Locomotion > Flashcards

Locomotion Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is locomotion?

A

how organisms move around and reproduce

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2
Q

what is Max metabolic rate?

A

absolute max output of power/ energy

energy needed to do a very powerful burst of activity

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3
Q

what are the physiological limitations of energy production?

A

limit rate of ATP production
delivery of O2 to muscles

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4
Q

What is sustained metabolic rate?

A

highest level of metabolic rate you can achieve when doing a longer sustained activity

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5
Q

What does understanding max MR help us predict?

A

reproduction, distribution, range, migration and other constraints on survivorship

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6
Q

What are the metabolic pools in a cell? What are they used for?

A

ATP and phosphocrestine (PCr)
ATP is used as a instant energy (to do use energy fast)
PCr is used as a backup for the ATP (used after all ATP is gone)
used to allow glycolysis and oxidation phosphorylation to occur

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7
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

when you’ve used up cellular pool of ATP/PCr, so now you’ve produced lactic acid

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8
Q

What does recover metabolism do?

A

clears the lactic acid produced in O2 debt, and replenished ATP and PCr pools

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9
Q

_____ mass organisms are more efficient in moving than ______ mass organisms

A

higher
small

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10
Q

What is metabolic scope?

A

Capacity (or scope) of an organism to do an activity at a high level (increase its metabolic rate)
metabolic scope between endo and ecto of the same mass is similar

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11
Q

How do we calculate metabolic scope?

A

MR max/RMR or MRsus/RMR

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12
Q

_______ RMR is higher than ________ RMR

A

endotherms
ectotherms

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13
Q

Large organisms spend _____ energy overcoming drag than small organisms

A

less

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14
Q

what is inertia? Who does it affect more, small or big organisms?

A

tendency of a mass to resist Change in motion,
small animals have less inertia than large, so inertia affects large organisms more

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15
Q

What is momentum?

A

tendency of a moving mass to sustain velocity

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16
Q

What is drag?

A

Drag is force generated in opposite direction of animals movement by the density/viscosity of the animal
(determined by the density of animal)

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17
Q

as mass and velocity increase what happens to drag?

A

drag increases
more energy goes into overcoming it

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18
Q

What are the forces acting on a runner? Which affects runners most?

A

gravity
thrust
drag
muscle action (force that supports our mass, normal force)
Gravity affects them the most

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19
Q

small running organisms have _____ COT over time, big running organisms have ______ COT over time

A

higher
lower
(but to begin moving, big animals have higher COT)

20
Q

Why do small runners have to work harder to move fast?

A

limbs/muscles are shorter, more contact with ground

21
Q

Why does the COT in runners decrease as velocity increases?

A

momentum increases so there is less contact with ground (less energy loss)
and more energy can go toward generating forward motion

22
Q

as velocity increases, what happens to msMRmax?

A

increase linearly

23
Q

small organisms have _______ msMRmax than larger organisms

A

greater

24
Q

How do you calculate COT from a velocity vs msMRmax graph?

A

msMRmax / velocity

25
Q

what are the forces acting on a swimmer? What has the most effect, why?

A

Gravity
Buoyancy: things in water are buoyant bc of swim bladders
Thrust: energy to go forward
Drag
drag is biggest cost to swimmer, pushing on swimmer as it moves at higher speed

26
Q

Density/viscosity of water is ______ than air

A

greater

27
Q

What is meant by “body plan”

A

adapted shape of the swimmer to minimize drag

28
Q

What are the two type of drag that affect swimmers?

A

Viscous force (skin friction drag)
inertial force (pressure drag)

29
Q

what is skin friction drag

A

how hard it is to move through water because of on friction from surface area

30
Q

What size swimmers feel skin friction drag more, why? Which size feels less?

A

Small organisms feel it more. feel like they are moving through honey (viscous)
Large organisms feel this force less, because SA/V ratio is smaller than small organisms. they feel like they’re moving through water

31
Q

What is pressure drag?

A

prevents thing from moving through water too quickly
has more effect on swimmers at high speed

32
Q

What size swimmers feel pressure drag more, why? Which size feels less?

A

bigger impact on large organisms, it feels the drag affect more at high speed
Small organisms feel it less because it moves less quickly.

33
Q

How do swimmer minimize the effect of drag?

A

through the shape of organism (long and narrow)
faster swimmers have drag minimizing shapes

34
Q

What happens to energy expenses (msMR) as velocity in water increases?

A

Energy expenses increase because energy is being used to fight pressure drag at high velocity

35
Q

Why does small swimmer work harder to move fast?

A

shorter limbs/muscles

36
Q

The velocity vs COT graph for a swimmer is shaped:

A

like a u shaped curve

(they initially need energy to get moving, then they use less to continue moving, then they reach a point where they need to use energy again)

37
Q

What size swimmer has overall lower COT in water?

A

big swimmers have lower COT
smaller swimmers have higher COT

38
Q

What are the forces acting on a flier, what affect do they have?

A

gravity: more important at low velocities
Lift: counters gravity, increases with velocity
Thrust: energy to move forward
Drag: more effect at higher velocity

39
Q

What forces affects fliers most?

A

gravity and drag

40
Q

What size flier is most affected by gravity

A

Large fliers (more mass) fight harder to overcome gravity
Very small fliers (insects) are affected much less

41
Q

What size flier is most affected by drag

A

Larger fliers must work hard to overcome drag
Very small fliers “swim” through air bc of their higher relative density/viscosity

42
Q

What do small fliers do to move fast?

A

constantly flap wings to stay aloft (uses more energy)

43
Q

What do large fliers do to move fast?

A

glide through air (reduces energy expenses)

44
Q

As velocity increases, both lift and drag ______. What does this mean for the effect of gravity and drag at high velocities?

A

increase
energy expense to fight gravity decreases
energy expense to fight drag increases (bc there’s more drag)

45
Q

what is induced power? what happens to it at high velocity?

A

energy needed to counter gravity, decreases at high velocity

46
Q

What is Parasite power? what happens to it at high velocity?

A

energy needed to counter drag
At high velocity, fliers need more parasite power (to overcome drag)

47
Q

for fliers, what is the overall energy (MRmax) curve a combination of? What does the lowest point on the curve mean?

A

combination of the induced and parasite power.
At the lowest point, the flyer can fly most effectively

BIO energy budgets (6 decks)

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