Locomotion Flashcards
What is locomotion?
how organisms move around and reproduce
what is Max metabolic rate?
absolute max output of power/ energy
energy needed to do a very powerful burst of activity
what are the physiological limitations of energy production?
limit rate of ATP production
delivery of O2 to muscles
What is sustained metabolic rate?
highest level of metabolic rate you can achieve when doing a longer sustained activity
What does understanding max MR help us predict?
reproduction, distribution, range, migration and other constraints on survivorship
What are the metabolic pools in a cell? What are they used for?
ATP and phosphocrestine (PCr)
ATP is used as a instant energy (to do use energy fast)
PCr is used as a backup for the ATP (used after all ATP is gone)
used to allow glycolysis and oxidation phosphorylation to occur
What is oxygen debt?
when you’ve used up cellular pool of ATP/PCr, so now you’ve produced lactic acid
What does recover metabolism do?
clears the lactic acid produced in O2 debt, and replenished ATP and PCr pools
_____ mass organisms are more efficient in moving than ______ mass organisms
higher
small
What is metabolic scope?
Capacity (or scope) of an organism to do an activity at a high level (increase its metabolic rate)
metabolic scope between endo and ecto of the same mass is similar
How do we calculate metabolic scope?
MR max/RMR or MRsus/RMR
_______ RMR is higher than ________ RMR
endotherms
ectotherms
Large organisms spend _____ energy overcoming drag than small organisms
less
what is inertia? Who does it affect more, small or big organisms?
tendency of a mass to resist Change in motion,
small animals have less inertia than large, so inertia affects large organisms more
What is momentum?
tendency of a moving mass to sustain velocity
What is drag?
Drag is force generated in opposite direction of animals movement by the density/viscosity of the animal
(determined by the density of animal)
as mass and velocity increase what happens to drag?
drag increases
more energy goes into overcoming it
What are the forces acting on a runner? Which affects runners most?
gravity
thrust
drag
muscle action (force that supports our mass, normal force)
Gravity affects them the most
small running organisms have _____ COT over time, big running organisms have ______ COT over time
higher
lower
(but to begin moving, big animals have higher COT)
Why do small runners have to work harder to move fast?
limbs/muscles are shorter, more contact with ground
Why does the COT in runners decrease as velocity increases?
momentum increases so there is less contact with ground (less energy loss)
and more energy can go toward generating forward motion
as velocity increases, what happens to msMRmax?
increase linearly
small organisms have _______ msMRmax than larger organisms
greater
How do you calculate COT from a velocity vs msMRmax graph?
msMRmax / velocity
what are the forces acting on a swimmer? What has the most effect, why?
Gravity
Buoyancy: things in water are buoyant bc of swim bladders
Thrust: energy to go forward
Drag
drag is biggest cost to swimmer, pushing on swimmer as it moves at higher speed
Density/viscosity of water is ______ than air
greater
What is meant by “body plan”
adapted shape of the swimmer to minimize drag
What are the two type of drag that affect swimmers?
Viscous force (skin friction drag)
inertial force (pressure drag)
what is skin friction drag
how hard it is to move through water because of on friction from surface area
What size swimmers feel skin friction drag more, why? Which size feels less?
Small organisms feel it more. feel like they are moving through honey (viscous)
Large organisms feel this force less, because SA/V ratio is smaller than small organisms. they feel like they’re moving through water
What is pressure drag?
prevents thing from moving through water too quickly
has more effect on swimmers at high speed
What size swimmers feel pressure drag more, why? Which size feels less?
bigger impact on large organisms, it feels the drag affect more at high speed
Small organisms feel it less because it moves less quickly.
How do swimmer minimize the effect of drag?
through the shape of organism (long and narrow)
faster swimmers have drag minimizing shapes
What happens to energy expenses (msMR) as velocity in water increases?
Energy expenses increase because energy is being used to fight pressure drag at high velocity
Why does small swimmer work harder to move fast?
shorter limbs/muscles
The velocity vs COT graph for a swimmer is shaped:
like a u shaped curve
(they initially need energy to get moving, then they use less to continue moving, then they reach a point where they need to use energy again)
What size swimmer has overall lower COT in water?
big swimmers have lower COT
smaller swimmers have higher COT
What are the forces acting on a flier, what affect do they have?
gravity: more important at low velocities
Lift: counters gravity, increases with velocity
Thrust: energy to move forward
Drag: more effect at higher velocity
What forces affects fliers most?
gravity and drag
What size flier is most affected by gravity
Large fliers (more mass) fight harder to overcome gravity
Very small fliers (insects) are affected much less
What size flier is most affected by drag
Larger fliers must work hard to overcome drag
Very small fliers “swim” through air bc of their higher relative density/viscosity
What do small fliers do to move fast?
constantly flap wings to stay aloft (uses more energy)
What do large fliers do to move fast?
glide through air (reduces energy expenses)
As velocity increases, both lift and drag ______. What does this mean for the effect of gravity and drag at high velocities?
increase
energy expense to fight gravity decreases
energy expense to fight drag increases (bc there’s more drag)
what is induced power? what happens to it at high velocity?
energy needed to counter gravity, decreases at high velocity
What is Parasite power? what happens to it at high velocity?
energy needed to counter drag
At high velocity, fliers need more parasite power (to overcome drag)
for fliers, what is the overall energy (MRmax) curve a combination of? What does the lowest point on the curve mean?
combination of the induced and parasite power.
At the lowest point, the flyer can fly most effectively
