Energy budgets

Question 1

What are the energy demands of organisms

Answer 1

maintenance, growth, activity, reproduction

Question 2

energy budget depends on..

Answer 2

size, activity, environment

Question 3

What is scaling?

Answer 3

The study of the effect of size/mass on anatomy/physiology

Question 4

All shape SA is proportional to?

Answer 4

length squared

Question 5

what is the Surface area of organisms

Answer 5

membrane/skin

Question 6

what makes up the volume of organisms

Answer 6

mass, cytosol, nucleus

Question 7

Large organism have a _____ SA/V ratio than small organisms

Answer 7

smaller

Question 8

Large organisms need to maintain large internal SA to….

Answer 8

exchange matter and energy with environment

Question 9

Small SA/V ratio are ____ to large organisms because they need ____…

Answer 9

disadvantage, nutrient exchange and NRG generation

Question 10

Small SA/V ratio are _____ to small organisms because they can use _____

Answer 10

advantage,
heat retention (heat is produced by entire volume and lost through surface area)

Question 11

Allometry is a _____

Answer 11

type of scaling where aspects of biology do not vary proportionally to the size of the organism (characteristic of organism changes with size)

Question 12

b=1 means

Answer 12

isometric (both domains are proportional to each other)

Question 13

b=0 means

Answer 13

aspect of biology is independent of mass

Question 14

b= any other value

Answer 14

it is allometric (characteristics of organism changes with size)

Question 15

_____ have a larger O2 consumption relative to_______

Answer 15

smaller animals , larger organisms

Question 16

Higher mass: _____ msMR, _____ absolute MR

Answer 16

lower
higher

Question 17

When the graph is linear, ______ becomes the ____ of the line.

Answer 17

B (scaling exponent)
slope

Question 18

isometry is when

Answer 18

both domains remain proportional, slope is 1
ex. The mass of the heart increases (almost)
isometrically with the mass of the organism

Question 19

isometric when b= ___ to ____

Answer 19

b= 0.98 – 1.02

Question 20

Positive Allometry is also called

Answer 20

hyperallometry

Question 21

Positive Allometry (hyperallometry) is when

Answer 21

As one dimension increases, the other increases to greater proportion (slope greater than 1)

Question 22

Negative Allometry is also called

Answer 22

(hypoallometry)

Question 23

Negative allometry (hypoallometry) is when

Answer 23

as one dimension increase, the other increase to a lesser proportion (slope less one)

Question 24

energy budget equations

Answer 24

energy in (from food) = energy out
Energy IN = Energy ASSIMILATION + Energy EXCRETION
Energy ASSIMILATION = Energy RMR + Energy ACTIVITY + EnergyPRODUCTION
Energy IN = Energy RMR + Energy ACTIVITY + EnergyPRODUCTION + Energy EXCRETION (this is NRG available to organism)

Question 25

Large organisms need more food than small organisms, meaning they ______

Answer 25

have a greater Ein value per unit time

Question 26

Large organisms can also eat more food at a given time than small organisms, meaning they _______

Answer 26

eat less often than small organisms relative to the body size

Question 27

Large organisms take in more air with each breath; pump a greater volume of blood with each heartbeat, meaning they

Answer 27

have a lower breathing and heart rate than small organisms

Question 28

What is a measure of evolutionary fitness?

Answer 28

the Total amount and rate at which organisms obtain NRG from food

Question 29

How long food remains in digestive tract is a ____

Answer 29

phenotypic trait that responds to selective pressures in environment (pressures: how long digestive tract is, if you eat plants, it takes more time to digest)

Question 30

longer it takes to digest food, longer the _______

Answer 30

retention time

Question 31

Energy excretions step 1: Food needs to be ________ this takes up energy and represents ______ – harder to _____ takes more NRG

Answer 31

broken down (chewing, enzymes, etc) energy a net loss of energy digest

Question 32

Step 2: Nutrients are _______, leads to a net _____

Answer 32

absorbed through digestion gain of energy

Question 33

step 3: Eventually, all __________, leaving ______ for excretion

Answer 33

possible energy is extracted undigestible “dregs”

Question 34

Metabolic rate is the ___

Answer 34

Rate of energy consumption (rate at which it converts chemical NRG to heat and external work)

Question 35

Benefits of measuring metabolic rate:

Answer 35

- helps determine how much food animal needs - quantitative measurement of total activity of all physiological mechanisms - helps to determine the pressure on energy supplies in the ecosystem

Question 36

Resting metabolic rate

Answer 36

NRG expenditure at rest but routine activities/day

Question 37

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 37

metabolism at complete rest (lowest possible), applies to homeotherms (endotherms), when it's in the thermal neutral zone, fasting or resting

Question 38

Standard metabolic rate (SMR)

Answer 38

metabolic rate measured at a specific body temp. Applies to Poikilotherm (ectotherms), measured when its fasting or resting

Question 39

Ways to measure metabolic rate

Answer 39

Direct calorimetry indirect calorimetry - respirometry - material balance method

Question 40

Direct calorimetry is

Answer 40

the measure of heat loss, measures the rate at which heat leaves an animals body, expensive and cumbersome

Question 41

indirect calorimetry is

Answer 41

the measure of O2 consumed or CO2 produced, cheaper and easier

Question 42

respirometry is

Answer 42

measuring animals rate of respiratory gas exchange with its environment

Question 43

material-balance method is

Answer 43

measuring chemical energy content of the organic matter that enters and leaves the animals body

Question 44

Smaller animals have a _________ demand due to high _____

Answer 44

higher energy SA/V ratio

Question 45

what is Energy activity

Answer 45

most forms of movement above resting state

Question 46

heat generated from increased activity may cover

Answer 46

the thermoregulation costs of a dormant (resting) organism

Question 47

Energy production:

Answer 47

Represents both growth and reproduction

Question 48

If organism has balanced NRG budget:

Answer 48

Eproduction value will be zero (in adults)

Question 49

If more than enough NRG is consumed:

Answer 49

Eproduction value is positive and mass increases

Question 50

If not enough NRG is consumed:

Answer 50

Eproduction value is negative and mass decreases (because they lose mass to cover the energy deficit)

Question 51

PRACTICE CALCULATIONS

Answer 51

NOW!!!!