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Brain Anatomy > Lock In Season > Flashcards

Lock In Season Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What does ‘Lateral’ mean in the nervous system?

A

Toward the side.

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2
Q

What does ‘Medial’ refer to?

A

Toward the middle or midline.

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3
Q

Define ‘Superior’ in anatomical terms.

A

Above or over.

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4
Q

Define ‘Inferior.’

A

Below or under.

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5
Q

What does ‘Anterior’ or ‘Rostral’ mean?

A

Toward the front.

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6
Q

Define ‘Posterior’ or ‘Caudal.’

A

Toward the back or tail.

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7
Q

What does ‘Dorsal’ refer to?

A

Top or near the upper surface.

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8
Q

Define ‘Ventral.’

A

Frontal

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9
Q

What does ‘Distal’ mean?

A

Away from, farther from the origin.

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10
Q

Define ‘Proximal.’

A

Near or closer to the origin.

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11
Q

What does ‘Ipsilateral’ refer to?

A

On the same side.

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12
Q

Define ‘Contralateral.’

A

On the opposite side.

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13
Q

What does ‘Bilateral’ mean?

A

Involving both sides of the body.

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14
Q

Define ‘Unilateral.’

A

Involving one side of the body.

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15
Q

What does ‘Axial’ refer to?

A

Around a central axis.

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16
Q

Define ‘Intermediate.’

A

Between two structures.

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17
Q

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

A

Organizing and determining the way an organism behaves.

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18
Q

Approximately how many neurons are in the human nervous system?

A

About 86 billion neurons.

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19
Q

What are Glial Cells?

A

Supporting cells in the nervous system.

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20
Q

What do Oligodendrocytes do, and where are they located?

A

They produce the myelin sheath in the CNS.

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21
Q

What are Schwann cells, and where are they located?

A

Cells that produce the myelin sheath in the PNS.

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22
Q

What makes up the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

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23
Q

How is the CNS protected?

A

By bone, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), and the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

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24
Q

What is included in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves.

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25
Q

What are the two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

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26
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

Skeletal muscles and transmission of information from sense organs.

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27
Q

How many cranial nerves and spinal nerves are in the somatic nervous system?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

28
Q

What do afferent nerves do?

A

Convey sensory messages from the environment.

29
Q

What do efferent nerves do?

A

Carry motor messages from the CNS.

30
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

A

The internal environment.

31
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Expenditure of energy.

32
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system control?

A

Conservation of energy.

33
Q

What are the three main divisions of the brain?

A

The forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

34
Q

What are ventricles in the brain?

A

Hollow chambers filled with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF).

35
Q

Name the four main ventricles in the brain.

A

Lateral ventricle, third ventricle (diencephalon), cerebral aqueduct, and fourth ventricle.

36
Q

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

A

It is responsible for balance, coordination, and movement.

37
Q

What functions are associated with the pons?

A

Arousal and dreaming.

38
Q

What does the medulla oblongata regulate?

A

Heart rate and breathing.

39
Q

What functions are associated with the tectum in the midbrain?

A

It has parts that handle visual and auditory functions.

40
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculi in the midbrain?

A

Visual processing.

41
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculi?

A

Auditory processing.

42
Q

Name three other structures in the midbrain.

A

Tegmentum, reticular formation, periaqueductal gray, and substantia nigra.

43
Q

Which three structures make up the brain stem?

A

Medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.

44
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A

Processing sensory information.

45
Q

What function does the hypothalamus serve?

A

Regulates feeding behavior.

46
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The outer layer of the brain with two symmetrical hemispheres, responsible for many high-level functions.

47
Q

What structure connects the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex?

A

The corpus callosum.

48
Q

What are subcortical structures?

A

Structures below the cortex, including the limbic system and basal ganglia.

49
Q

What is the hippocampus involved in?

A

Memory formation.

50
Q

What are the functions of the amygdala?

A

Involved in memory and emotion.

51
Q

What is the basal ganglia responsible for?

A

Control of movement.

52
Q

What role does the nucleus accumbens play?

A

Part of the basal ganglia, it is involved in reward and motivation.

53
Q

Name the four lobes of the cerebral cortex.

A

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.

54
Q

What functions are associated with the frontal lobes?

A

Planning, execution, and control of movement; includes cognition and emotion in the prefrontal cortex.

55
Q

What does the parietal lobe process?

A

Sensory data.

56
Q

Which lobe is responsible for the auditory system and memory?

A

The temporal lobe.

57
Q

What function is the occipital lobe specialized for?

A

The visual system.

58
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

The brain’s ability to reorganize and create new neural connections based on learning, experience, or injury.

59
Q

How does neuroplasticity differ across the lifespan?

A

It occurs throughout life but is more prominent during early childhood development.

60
Q

What impact can brain lesions have on neuroplasticity at different ages?

A

Before age 1, impairment is greatest; ages 1-5, brain function can reorganize; age 5+, little or no sparing of function.

61
Q

What has neuroplasticity been linked to in terms of technological advancements?

A

The ability to use robotic arms and artificial hearing and seeing devices.

62
Q

What did the fMRI study on people who had hemispherectomies reveal?

A

Brain regions involved in the same networks (e.g. vision) worked together as well as in individuals with intact brains.

63
Q

How did connectivity between different networks change in patients who had hemispherectomies?

A

Connectivity was stronger between parts of different networks.

64
Q

What did Warrier et al. (2023) find about genetic influence on brain development?

A

Brain structure and development are partly genetic, with genetic variants linked to cortical thickness, surface area, and volume.

65
Q

What did Thompson et al. (2001) discover about heritability in the brain?

A

High heritability for grey matter volume, with MZ twins having a 0.95 correlation.

66
Q

What did Gilmore et al. (2010) report about heritability rates in newborn twins?

A

High heritability (>70%) for grey matter, white matter, and intracranial volume.

67
Q

Which brain regions showed the lowest levels of heritability according to Luo (2021)?

A

The midbrain and brainstem, possibly influenced by experience and environment.

Brain Anatomy (3 decks)

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