Localization Flashcards
What is the differences between UMNL & LMNL?
UMNL LMNL
- above anterior horn cells - AHC, motor fibers, or neuromuscular junction
- increased spasticity - reduced
- clonus
- increased reflexes - reduced or absent reflexes
- Babinski sign - normal or absent Babinski
- absent fasciculations - present
- wasting late - wasting present
What are the characteristics of cortical lesions?
- always opposite side
- based on the lobe involved (personality changes, weakness, aphasia, or visual field deficits)
- usually due to embolic wedge shaped infarcts, thrombotic occlusion of a large artery, or intercerebrayl hematoma
What are the signs & symptoms of a frontal lobe lesion?
Frontal both
- intellectual impairment
- personality changes
- urinary incontinence
- mono paresis or hemiparesis
Frontal Left
- Broca’s Aphasia
What are the signs & symptoms of a temporal lobe lesion?
Temporo-parietal left
- Wernnicke’s aphasia
- acalculia
- alexia
- agraphia
- homonymous field defect
- right-left disorientation
Temporal right
- confusional states
- failure to recognize faces
- homonymous field defects
What are the signs & symptoms of a parietal lobe lesion?
Parietal both
- contralateral sensory loss
- agraphaesthesia
- homonymous field defect
Parietal right
- dressing apraxia
- failure to recognize faces
Parietal left
- limb apraxia
What are the signs & symptoms of a occipital lobe lesion?
- visual field defects
- visuospatial defects
- disturbances of visual recognition
What is the blood supply to the brain?
Anterior Cerebral artery
- anteromedial surface
Middle Cerebral artery
- lateral surface
Posterior cerebral artery
- posterior & inferior surface
What are there types of aphasia?
Broca’s aphasia
- non-fluent
- broken speech
Wernicke’s aphasia
- fluent
- word salad
What are the lesions that could affect the optic nerve pathway?
1- Lesion at optic nerve -> total blindness of ipsilateral eye
2- lesion at optic chiasm -> bitemporal heteronymous hemianopia
3- at optic radiation -> contralateral homonymous hemianopia
4- close to calcarine sulcus -> contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
injury to the corticospinal tract leads to what type of lesion?
UMNL
What is the hallmark of brainstem injury?
- accompanying cranial nerve deficits with the motor & sensory deficits
- the corresponding cranial nerves will show LMNL
What is the hallmark of cerebellar lesions?
ipsilateral ataxia, dysarthria, & nystagmus
What is the hallmark of spinal cord lesions?
symmetric UMNL pattern weakness with spinal sensory level
What is the most common cause of cord transection?
- TRAUMA
- tumors
- disc herniation
- demyelinating diseases
What is the hallmark of AHC lesions?
- LMNL
- purely MOTOR -> only weakness
- no tingling or numbness
like ALS, SMA, & Polio
