localisation of funtion

Question 1

what is the localisation of function?

Answer 1

where different areas in the brain are responsible for behaviour and processes, mirrored in hemispheres of the brain

Question 2

What is cortical specialisation?

Answer 2

localisation of function

Question 3

what is the holistic theory?

Answer 3

the entire brain is involved in all thoughts and action

Question 4

what half of the brain controls the left side of the body?

Answer 4

the right hemisphere

Question 5

what does the left hemisphere control?

Answer 5

the right half of the body

Question 6

what is the outer layer of the hemispheres called?

Answer 6

the cerebral cortex

Question 7

how thick is the cerebral cortex and what colour is it and why?

Answer 7

3mm, grey due to the position of cell bodies

Question 8

what are the four lobes the cerebral cortex subdivides into?

Answer 8

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Question 9

where is the motor area found?

Answer 9

the back of the frontal lobes

Question 10

what does the motor area do?

Answer 10

controls voluntary movement by processing information and sending signals no muscles

Question 11

what happens if there is damage to the motor area?

Answer 11

loss of control of finer movements

Question 12

where is the somatosensory area?

Answer 12

front of the parietal lobes

Question 13

what does the somatosensory area do?

Answer 13

the internal representation of sensory information from the skin (the bigger the area dedicated in the area the more sensitive)

Question 14

what happens if there is damage to the somatosensory area?

Answer 14

lack of feelings in specific areas of the body

Question 15

where is the visual area?

Answer 15

the occipital lobes

Question 16

what does the visual area do?

Answer 16

process information from the eyes (right visual field=left hemisphere) and each part processes different information e.g. colour

Question 17

what happens if there is damage to the visual area?

Answer 17

blindness in a field of vision

Question 18

where is the auditory area found?

Answer 18

the temporal lobes

Question 19

what does the auditory area do?

Answer 19

analyses acoustic information

Question 20

what happens if there is damage to the auditory area?

Answer 20

partial hearing loss

Question 21

where is Broca’s area found

Answer 21

left frontal lobe (in most people language is restricted to the left side of the brain

Question 22

what is Broca’s area responsible for?

Answer 22

speech production

Question 23

what happens if there is damage to Broca’s area?

Answer 23

broca’s aphasia: slow speech, laborious and lacking fluency often only a few words can be said

Question 24

where is Wernicke’s area

Answer 24

left temporal love

Question 25

what is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

Answer 25

language comprehension

Question 26

what happens if there is damage to Wernicke’s area?

Answer 26

neologisms (nonsense words) and unable to understand what is said to them

Question 27

How did Peterson et al show different areas of the brain have different functions?

Answer 27

Using brain scanning to demonstrate how Wernicke’s area was active during listening tasks whilst Broca’s was active in reading aloud tasks?

Question 28

How did Tulving et al show different areas of the brain have different functions?

Answer 28

semantic and episodic memory are in different areas of the prefrontal cortex

Question 29

What did Walter freeman do and why?

Answer 29

developed lobotomies which served connections in the frontal lobe (cingulate gyrus) to try to control aggressive behaviour

Question 30

When were cingulotomies used?

Answer 30

in severe cases of OCD and depression

Question 31

Describe Dougherty et al’s study and findings

Answer 31

assessed 44 OCD patients who had a cingulotomy after 32 weeks and 33% met the criteria for a successful response and 14% for a partial response

Question 32

describe the Phineus Gage case study

Answer 32

a 25-year-old rail worker who had a three-foot pole blasted through his head which took most of his left frontal lobe, he then became a quick-tempered and rude person, this suggests the frontal lobe is involved in the regulation of mood.

Question 33

Describe the case study of Wernicke’s patient

Answer 33

they could speak but couldn’t understand what was said to him and what he said was nonsense

Question 34

describe the case study of Broca’s patient

Answer 34

they could hardly speak but could understand speech

Question 35

Describe Lashley’s research which opposes lateralisation

Answer 35

Lashley believed that higher cognitive function is distributed more holistically, He removed 10-50% of the cortex of rats who were leaning a maze and found no area was more important than another in the rats’ ability to solve the maze