LO4 The Muscoskeletal system Flashcards
What are the components of a synovial joint?
- tendon
- ligament
- cartilage
- synovial capsule
- synovial fluid
- muscle
What is the structure and function of a tendon?
- a fibrous connective tissue
- connects bone to muscle
What is the synovial capsule?
- a closed cavity which surrounds the joint
What is the structure and function of a ligament?
- a fibrous connective tissue
- connects bone to bone
- stabilises the joint
What is the structure and function of cartilage? Where is it found?
- a smooth flexible connective tissue
- friction during movement
- found on the end of bones
What is the function of the synovial capsule?
- protects the joint
- allows for smooth fluid movement
What is the structure and function of synovial fluid?
- a thick liquid which lubricates and nourishes the joint
- lines the capsule
What is the structure and function of muscle?
- groups of muscle tissues, which contain long cells that contract and relax to produce motion
What are the fixed joints held together by?
- dense, connective tissue made of collagen, which makes them immoveable.
What is an example of the fixed joint?
skull, where the plates of bone have been fused together
What are cartilaginous joints?
bones which are connected by cartilage and can exhibit some movement, such as those in the spine or pelvis
Where is the hinge joint located in the body?
- elbow
- knee
Where is the ball and socket joint located in the body?
- shoulder
- hip
Where is the pivot joint located in the body?
- neck
Where is the sliding/gliding joint located in the body?
- ankles
- wrists
Describe the hinge joint?
- can go backwards and forwards
- can’t go sideways
- allows for flexion and extension
Describe the ball and socket joint?
- allows for all type of movement including circumflexion
- more vulnerable to damage due to amount of movement (dislocated shoulders, hip replacement)
Describe the pivot joint?
- allows rotating movement around a single joint (axis)
Describe the sliding/gliding joint?
- one flat bone surface
- slides or glides along another flat bone surface
- only allows the gliding movement
What is the structure and location of compact bone?
- dense, harder and stronger
- found centrally on the long bone
- made up of layers (lamellae) of protein called collagen
What is the structure and location of spongy bone?
- structure: porous and less dense
- location: mostly found at the end of long bones
- composed of as network of connecting bone and spaces
What is the structure and location of red bone marrow?
- found in spongy bone at either end of long bone
What is yellow bone marrow found?
- mostly found in the medullary cavity (the hollow centre) of long bones
What is the structure and location of bone marrow?
- semi-solid tissue found within bones
What is the function of compact bone?
it provides protection and strength to bones
What is the function of spongy bone?
- help with shock absorption
- the spaces between are often filled with marrow and blood vessels
What does red bone marrow produce?
- produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
What is the function of yellow bone marrow?
- mostly made up of fat
- contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat or bone cells
What is the structure and location of cartilage?
- a strong and flexible connective tissues that protects your joints and bones
- covers the end of your bones around joints in a thin layer
What is the function of cartilage?
- allows for smooth movements of the joints
- acts as a shock absorber through your body
- reduces friction and prevents bones from rubbing together when joints move
What is the structure and location of the haversian canal?
- microscopic tubes in the centre of each osteo that house nerves, capillaries and lymph
What is the lamellae made up of?
- each lamellae is made up of collagen (a type of protein)
What is the function of lamellae?
- layers of lamellae form the osteo
What is the space between each layer of lamellae known as ?
lacunae
What is the lacunae and what is its function?
- it is the space between each layer of lamellae
- they house osteocytes
What is the structure and location of osteocytes?
- can be found in each of lacunae
- they are mature bone cells
What is the structure and location of canaliculi?
- small channels that link together the lacunae
What is the function of osteocytes?
- help to maintain the protein and mineral within the bone tissue
- help to maintain and repair damaged bone
- by passing on signals to other bone cells to make new bone or remove old bone tissue
What is the function of canaliculi? (muscoskeletal)
- supplies nutrients to osteocytes (bone cells)
- remove bone cell waste
What is the function of haversian canal? (bones)
allows bone to get oxygen and nutrition
What are canaliculi?
tiny channels containing cytoplasmic extension of the osteocytes
What are osteocytes?
bone cells
What are the malfunctions of the muscoskeletal system?
- athritis (osteo & rheumatoid)
- osteoporosis
What are the symptoms of arthritis?
- stiffness
- problems moving the joint
- swelling
- tenderness around the joint as joints become misshaped
What are the physiological causes of osteoarthritis? hint: cartilage
- cartilage in joint starts to thin or roughen
- occurs naturally as part of aging
- body tries to repair damage, which can cause new bits of bone to grow in the joint (osteophytes/ bone spurs), creating swelling, restricting movement
What are the physiological causes of rheumatoid arthritis? immune system
- immune system becomes overactive, anti bodies attack the synovial capsule of a joint. Not known why this happens
- infection - fighting fluid builds up, causes swelling and inflammation
- joint becomes pushed out of shape, painful and hot to touch. Excess fluid can eventually degrade bone and cartilage
What are the risk factors of osteoarthritis?
- more common and more severe in women
- obesity is an important factor, as it places an extra strain on joint, especially in weight bearing joints
- Individuals mid 40s and over
- Often more likely if individuals have other joint problems, such as gout
What are the risk factors of rheumatoid arthritis?
- gender - 2/3 times more common than women
- family history
- most people are diagnosed between ages of 40 to 60
What are the symptoms of osteoporosis?
- bones have become hollow and brittle
- can also become shorter in upper spine curved over
What is the main cause of osteoporosis?
bone density has decreased
What are the physiological causes of osteoporosis? density
- the honeycomb structure within spongy bone has become larger
- bone density has decreased
- This causes the bone to become more fragile, more likely to fracture
- osteoporosis = significant loss of bone density
What are the risk factors of osteoporosis?
- women - bone loss speeds up after menopause
- lack of oestrogen in the body - due to early menopause or heresectomy
- long term use of steroids - these medicines reduce the amount of calcium absorbed from the gut and increases calcium loss through the kidneys
- lack of weight bearing exercise, as it encourages bone development, exercise creates stress on bones which prompts the creation of new on tissue
- poor diet - not getting enough calcium or vitamin D
- oestrogen = helps production of osteoblasts
- calcium = vital element in the production of bone tissue
- vitamin D = helps the body absorb calcium
What is the vital element in the production of bone tissue?
calcium
What are the methods of monitoring arthritis?
- Blood test ‘inflammatory markers’
- physical examination conducted by the doctor looking for signs of:
-tenderness over the joint- grating over the joint
- excess fluid/swelling in the joint
- restricted movement
What treatments for both types of arthritis?
- NSAIDs, eg ibuprofen to reduce swelling
- painkillers, eg paracetamol, to manage pain day to day
- steroid injections given directly into the joint, for extremely painful joints
- steroid tablets to reduce inflammation
- joint replacement - replacing a joint with a prosthetic, need anesthesia, complex. several days to recover, months in rehab
How does the drug treatment NSAIDs help treat both types of arthritis, and give an example?
- for example, ibuprofen
- they help to reduce swelling
What are the treatments for rheumatoid arthritis?
DMARDs drugs which reduce the inflammation which has created the symptoms, for example, methotrexate
What is the treatment for osteoarthritis?
- arthroscopy
- keyhole surgery to cut away damaged tissue
- minor surgery
- no overnight stay
What is the method for monitoring osteoporosis?
Bone density scans
- radiation waves are passed through the body
- detectors pick up how much radiation has passed through the body
- use this to calculate the density of bone and compare it to the typical levels of someone of that age etc
What are the drug treatments for osteoporosis?
Drug treatments
- bisphosphonates - inhibit the function of osteoblasts meaning the bone is not broken down at the same rate
- HRT - counteracts the reduction of oestrogen, which in turn keeps bone tissue stronger (for women)
- parathyroid hormone treatments - stimulate osteoblasts, meaning the more bone tissue is created, increasing bone density
How does the drug treatment parathyroid hormone treat osteoporosis?
stimulate osteoblasts, meaning the more bone tissue is created, increasing bone density
How does the drug treatment HRT treat osteoporosis for women?
stimulates the production of oestrogen, which in turn keeps bone tissue stronger (for women)
Where is the hinge joint located?
elbow and knee
Where is the ball and socket joint located?
shoulder and hip
Where is the pivot joint located?
neck
Where is the sliding/gliding joint located?
ankles and wrists
Describe the hinge joint?
- can go backwards and forwards
- can’t go sideways allowing flexion and extension
Describe the ball and socket joint?
- allows for all types of movement, including circumflexion - except gliding
- more vulnerablele to damage due to amount of movement
Describe the pivot joint?
- allows rotating movement around a single joint (axis)
Describe the sliding/gliding joint?
- one flat bone surface ‘slides’ or ‘glides’ along another flat bone surface
- only allows the gliding movement
What is compact bone?
- forms the outer layer of long bones
- made up of layers of college (a protein)
- it is dense, hard and very strong
- provides structure and strength for the skeleton and protection for the components with bone itself
What is the process of bone formation known as?
bone ossification or osteogenesis
