L06 The Eye and Ear Flashcards
1
Q
What is the function of the pupil?
A
- The central dark point of the iris
- dilates in dim light and constricts in bright light.
2
Q
What are the methods of monitoring retinopathy?
A
- diabetic eye screening
- monitor and control
- blood sugar
- blood pressure
- cholesterol levels
3
Q
What is the function of the iris?
A
- The coloured ring of muscle
- controls the dilation or constriction of the pupil, to enable adequate light to pass into the eye.
4
Q
What is the function of the lens?
A
Bends and focuses light onto the
retina to create a sharp image.
5
Q
What is the cornea?
A
O Outer transparent layer that protects
the iris and pupil.
6
Q
What is the function of the ciliary muscles?
A
- Muscular structure that surrounds the lens
- enabling it to change its shape to bend and focus light.
7
Q
What is the conjunctiva?
A
thin, lubricating mucous membrane covering the whole whites of the eyes and inside of the eyelids.
8
Q
what is the aqueous humour and what is its function?
A
- A fluid produced by the eye.
- provides nutrition
- maintains the eye in a pressurised state.
9
Q
What is the function of the retina?
A
Structure which contains millions of light sensitive cells, which receive and organise visual information
10
Q
what is the function of the macula?
A
- the round central area of the retina
- responsible for organising colour vision and fine detail.
11
Q
what is the function of the optic nerve?
A
- bundle of nerve fibres
- carry visual information taken in by the eye to the brain
12
Q
What is the 5 step process of the light entering the eye?
A
- Light enters through the cornea
- Pupil adjusts in response to the light
- The lens focuses the light on the retina
- The light is focused on the retina
- The optic nerve transmits visual information to the brain
13
Q
What are the four malfunctions of the eye?
A
- glaucoma
- cataracts
- retinopathy
- AMD (age related macular degeneration)
14
Q
What are the symptoms of glaucoma?
A
- isssues with peripheral vision noticed first
- blurred vision
- eye pain
- headaches
- seeing rings around lights
- narrowing of vision
15
Q
How is glaucoma caused?
A
- drainage channels for the aqueous humour not functioning effectively, so fluid cannot escape, excess pressure is placed on the optic nerve, causing damage
16
Q
What are the risk factors of glaucoma?
A
- age over 55
- family history of glaucoma
- certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, migraines, high blood pressure
17
Q
What are the symptoms of cataracts?
A
- eyesights is blurry or misty
- colours look faded
- harder to see in low light
- increased sensitivity to bright light
- a cloudy lens scatters light causing an image to be out of focus and hazy
18
Q
What are the causes of cataracts?
A
- the proteins, which keep it clear, breaking down
- light is poorly focused onto the retina and increasing cloudiness eventually means vision becomes blurred or lost
19
Q
What are the risk factors of cataracts?
A
- increasing age
- excessive exposure to sunglight
- smoking
- injuries to the eyes
20
Q
What are symptoms of retinopathy?
A
- blurry eyesight
- dark strings floating in vision
- dark spots in vision
- patchy areas in vision
- eye pain
21
Q
How is retinopathy caused?
A
- blood vessels become damaged - in the eye, glucose blocks the vessels,causing them to leak fluid or bleed
- the abnormal blood vessels stimulate the growth of scar tissue, which can pull the retina away from the back of the eye. This can cause spots floating in the vision, flashes of light or severe vision loss
22
Q
What are the risk factors of deafness?
A
- ear wax build up
- prolonged exposure to loud noises
- getting object stuck in the ear
- other medical conditions, eg osteoporosis
23
Q
What are the risk factors of retinopathy?
A
- consistently high levels of blood glucose (poorly managed type 2 diabetes)
- prolonged diabetes
- high blood pressure
- high cholesterol
24
Q
What are the symptoms of AMD (age related macular degeneration) ?
A
- blurred of distorted areas in vision
- middle of vision blocked
- seeing straight lines as wavy
- objects looking smaller than normal
- visual hallucinations
- NOT painful
- DOES NOT AFFECT APPEARANCE OF THE EYE
25
How are each types of AMD (age related macular degeneration) caused?
- Dry AMD happens when the cells in the macula gradually break down over time
- more common, less severe
- Wet AMD happens when abnormal blood vessels grow around the back of the eye and leak fluid or blood, causing damage to the macula
- less common, more severe
26
How does dry AMD happen?
It happens when the cells in the macula gradually break down over time
27
What are the risk factors of AMD?
- increased risk in individuals over the age of 50
- family history
- smoking
28
What are impacts of eye malfunctions on daily life?
- problems with driving/ reading/ impacts on work and sports
- loss of independence - blindness
- need for extra assistance eg adaptations and aids
- emotional impacts like increased fear of accidents
- impact on social activities eg isolation
- impact on admins is tearing medication/ procedures
- impact on medical appointments
29
What are the methods of monitoring eye malfunctions?
- eye examinations
- monitoring of other health conditions
- regular scans
- regular monitoring appointments to ensure treatment is working
30
What are some treatments of eye malfunctions?
- eye drops
- laser treatment
- medication injections
-stronger prescriptions in glasses
- surgery
- lifestyle changes
- brighter lighting
- photodynamic therapy
31
What are treatments of glaucoma?
- daily eye drops
- laser treatment - high beam of light aimed at drainage tubes allowing more fluid to drain out and reduce pressure
+ this can be done in 10 mins by doctor
- takes 6 weeks for effect to be noticed
- effects wear off in 1 to 5 years
32
What are the methods of monitoring and treating wet AMD?
- regular scans to monitor the condition
- injects of avast in to the type to slow growth of new blood cells, which can prevent vision loss
+ takes 10 mins by doctor
- improved diet - increasing levels of vitamin A, C, E
+ can slow the progression of the disease
33
What are the methods of monitoring and treating cataracts?
- regular monitoring eye examinations to monitor cataract development
- may be prescribed stronger glasses lenses
- remove clouded lens and replace
34
What the treatments of retinopathy?
- laser treatment to treat the growth of new blood vessels in the retina
+ given local anaesthetic
+ takes 20 to 40 mins, no overnight stay
-may require more than 1 visit to a laser treatment clinic
-side effects of blindness, discomfort
- surgery to remove vitreous humour
35
What is the function of the ear?
The ear picks up
sounds waves
enabling us to hear
noises and also
plays a vital role in
maintaining balance
(equilibrium).
36
What is the structure of the ear?
External ear
- visible part of the ear, leading to the ear drum, guides sound waves into the ear, passing them into the auditory canal
Middle ear
- auditory bones: hammer, anvil and stirrup
- eustachian tube
Inner ear
- cochlea (hearing)
- oval/round windows
- organ of corti
- auditory nerve
- vestibular system (balance)
- semi circular canals
- ampullae
37
What is the function of the ear canal?
the channel which sound waves pass down from the external ear, before being turned into vibrations at the ear drum
38
What is the function of the ear drum?
a thin flap of skin that is stretched over the entrance to the middle ear. Sound waves causing it to vibrate
39
What is the function of the hammer?
- the first bone of the ear bones, joined to the ear drum
- It transfers and amplified the vibrations from the eardrum
40
What is the function of the anvil?
it transfers and amplifies the vibrations from the ear drum
41
What is the function of the stirrup?
transfers and amplifies the vibrations from the ear drum
42
What is the function of the eustachian tube?
- opens during swallowing
- helping it to maintain an equal air pressure on both sides of the ear drum
43
What is the cochlear? And what is it's function?
- a coiled structure, filled with fluid, within the inner ear
- responsible for hearing
- lined with hairs to detect changes in the fluid
44
What is the function of the oval window?
carrys sound vibrations from the middle ear to the inner ear
45
What is the function of the auditory nerve?
thick bundle of nerve fibres which take auditory information to the brain
46
What is the function of the vestibular nerve?
thick bundle of nerve fibres which take auditory information to the brain
47
What is the function of the organ of corti?
- converts sound into electrical signals that can be transmitted to the brain through the auditory nerve
48
What is the function of semi circular canals?
three fluid filled tubes in the inner ear responsible for detecting head rotation, direction and orientation. Lined with hairs to detect changes in the fluid
49
What is the function of ampullae?
tiny receptors within the semi circular canals that detect motion or rotation and turn this into electrical signals to be taken to the brain
50
What is the malfunction of the ear?
deafness - difficulty processing sound. It can range from mild hearing loss to profound deafness, which is a permanent loss of hearing
51
What are the symptoms of deafness?
- tinnitus - hearing ringing or buzzing that comes from the inside of your ears,rather than from an outside source
- loss of sounds at certain frequencies
- reduced receptivity to sounds in general
52
What are the causes of deafness?
- damage to inner ear structures eg damage over time to hair cells in cochlear
- perforation to tympanic membrane
- prolonged exposure to loud noises, getting a foreign object stuck in the ear
- blockages in the canals eg glue ear, caused by middle ear becoming filled up with fluid, eg build up of ear wax blocking the ear canal
53
What are the effects of deafness on a person’s daily life?
- social isolation/ loneliness
- increase risk of mental heath issues
- struggle to find a job
- children may experience delayed language development and have a higher high school drop out rate
- trouble sleeping because they wouldn’t be able to hear fire alarms
- may experience fatigue due to mental effort required to listen
54
What are the methods of monitoring deafness?
Physical exam
- doctor looks in your ear for possible causes of hearing loss, such as ear wax or inflammation from an infection. Doctor also looks for any structural causes of your hearing problems
Audiometer (hearing tests)
- more thorough tests conducted by an audiologist, you wear earphones and hear sounds and words directed to each ear
MRI scans
- to observe the structural damage to the ear
55
What are the treatments for deafness?
- ear drops to dissolve packages
+ easy can be done by individual
- syringing to remove ear wax blockages
- hearing aids to make sounds louder
- surgical implants eg in cochlear to replace function of inner ear/cochlear
- antibiotics to treat ear infections
- grommets to drain fluid from middle ear
+ minor surgery
56
What are the care needs for deafness?
- BSL interpreter
- loop systems in public places
- altering devices eg alarms with vibration or flashing lights
- visual prompts
- lifestyle changes ie nature of work
57
Which eye malfunction affects the lens causing blurred or cloudy vision?
Cataracts
58
Which nerve carries impulses from the ear to the brain?
auditory nerve
59
Which nerve carries impulses from the eye to the brain?
optic nerve
60
Glaucoma is caused by a build up of pressure in the eye, give on reason why pressure could build up inside the eye?
the drainage channels for the aqueous humour aren’t functioning effectively, so the fluid cannot escape
61
What are the cilliary muscles?
Muscular structure that surrounds the lens
