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ZZ ENGINEERING > LO3 > Flashcards

LO3 Flashcards

1
Q

Give example of regulations and safeguard

A
  • BSI: The Kite Mark
  • The CE Mark
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2
Q

What does the BSI Kite Mark certify?

A

Certifies that a product is:
* Safe​
* Tested​
* Value for money​
* Reliable & Trusted​

​

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3
Q

Where is the BSI Kite Mark found?

A
  • On products where safety is very important
    e.g. helmets and smoke alarms.​
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4
Q

What does the CE Mark certify?

A

Certifies that a product:
* Complies with EU guidelines/laws.​
* Can be sold in the EU​
* Electrical products are sustainable​
* Toys are safe to use​

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5
Q

Where is the CE Mark found?

A
  • Found lots of products, mainly electrical items and toys.​
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6
Q

Why are symbols used on products?

A
  • Alert you to hazards​
  • You know it’s been tested​
  • Shows it is a high standard​
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7
Q

What is the purpose of the symbol found on electrical items? (bin with cross)

A
  • This symbol explains that you should not place the electrical item in the general waste, must be recycled by law
  • This is because of hazardous materials inside electricals
    e.g. lead, copper. batteries
  • Electrical items can be recycled through a number of channels.​
    ADVANTAGES​
  • It limits the waste going into landfills​
  • Prevents toxic items in landfills​
  • Makes people recycle more​
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8
Q

What is the purpose of the not suitable for children sign? (baby in red no sign)

A
  • Shows the user that the product is not suitable for children under 3 years​
  • Keeps children safe
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9
Q

What is the purpose of the energy efficiency label? (different letter&colour tiers)

A
  • These labels should be found on electronic products to show how energy efficient they are.​
    ​* Informs customers how energy efficient it is​
  • How much energy it uses​
  • Encourages customers to pick products which are more efficient (more sustainable)​
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10
Q

What is the purpose of the recyclable sign? (mobius loop)

A
  • Recyclable material symbol​ shows you can recycle the product
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11
Q

What is the purpose of the flammable sign?

A
  • Flammable ​contents
    ​* Warning: The product or material used is flammable.​
    ​
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12
Q

What is the purpose of the UKCA sign?

A
  • UK Conformity Assessed
  • Manufacturer declaration that product meets all relevant UK laws.
  • Equivalent of CE mark in EU.
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13
Q

How can designers ensure that products are safe?

A
  • Test products​
  • Use non-toxic materials​
  • Use non-hazardous coatings/finishes​
    ​
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14
Q

How can designers ensure that products used by children are safe?

A
  • No small parts or sharp edges​
  • Big enough to avoid choking​
  • No sharp edges​
  • Won’t break/snap​
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15
Q

Why is it important for products to be safe before going on sale?

A
  • No one gets injured​
  • Must meet regulations so it can be sold​
  • Products must be fit for purpose​
  • If someone was injured, the manufacturer is to blame​
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16
Q

What is the purpose of copyright and how long does it last for?

A
  • Prevents people from copying a design, product, books, pieces of art or music.​
  • Gives you a registered number for proof of ownership​
  • Protects the product etc. for the maker’s lifetime plus 70 years.​
  • You can sell the design or allow others to use it​
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17
Q

What is the purpose of a patent and how long does it last for?

A
  • Protects an idea, invention or new technology from being copied.​
  • Protects it for up to 20 years to stop people copying it.​
  • You can take legal action against people who copy them.​
    ​
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18
Q

What is the purpose of a trademark and how long does it last for?

A
  • Both of the symbols shown can be used to represent that a brand/logo/slogan has a trademark.​
  • Stops people copying a brand, logo or slogan​
  • You own it and can sell it
  • You can take legal action against people who copy them.​
  • Can last forever as long as it keeps being renewed.​
    ​
    ​
    ​
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19
Q

What is the purpose of a registered design and how long does it last for?

A
  • Protects the shape and appearance of a design​
  • Stops other companies from copying the design​ by registering that design to a person or a company​
  • You can take legal action against people who copy them.​
  • Registered designs only apply in the country it was designed in.​
  • ​Has to be renewed every 5 years up to 25 years.​
    ​
    ​
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20
Q

Why do designers often base new ideas on older products which have been successful?

A
  • Already have a good customer base -> They will sell!​
  • Iconic - Represent good design​
  • Recognisable​
  • “Retro” designs are fashionable​
  • New products are also likely to be successful​
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21
Q

Why do designs become iconic? Name examples

A
  • Large sales drove demand​
  • Design became popular with celebrities​
  • Brand power of the company e.g. Apple​
    e.g. Dyson, iPhone, iPad, Phone box, Lego, Mini, Biro​
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22
Q

How does global trade influence how a product looks?

A
  • Global trade means that companies and manufacturers carrying out business across the world must understand that aesthetics are interpreted in different ways in different cultures.​
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23
Q

Why must companies and manufacturers consider aesthetics in different cultures?

A

​* Aesthetics acceptable in one country may be seen as unacceptable in another.
* When designing a product or packaging, designers often produce a variety of designs to match the preferences of the country it is being sold in.​

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24
Q

Give an example of cultural trends associated with colours

A
  • In China, black is associated with evil, dirt, disasters and bad luck.​
    White is a pure colour, reflecting honesty.​
  • Red is associated with good luck. In most other parts of the world, red represents danger.​
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25
Q

Give an example of a current successful logo that has followed cultural trends

A
  • Shell Petrol Sign developed for use in California.​
  • Had a Hispanic culture so red and yellow were used to represent it.​
  • The colours were very successful and then copied by other companies e.g. McDonald’s.​
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26
Q

How are products designed nowadays?

A
  • Products are now designed to meet new fashion trends and how people want to use them.​
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27
Q

How are smart phones designed to meet fashion trends?

A
  • Access social media easily​
  • Access to the internet​
  • Bigger screens​
  • Touch screen technology​
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28
Q

What is the difference between cultural and fashion trends?

A
  • Culture is related to values and beliefs.
    e.g. the use of colours and colour schemes - red in China symbolises wealth.
  • Fashion trends change over time and are based on what is currently popular.
    e.g. the style and size of headphones
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29
Q

Define market pull

A
  • There is a public demand for a product to be designed and made.​
    ​e.g. The market (people) are asking (pulling) for a new product.​
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30
Q

Give an example of market pull

A
  • Market pull has meant designers need to come up with more sustainable products
    ​e.g. Recycling organisers​, energy efficient products (to also keep costs low)​
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31
Q

Define technology push

A
  • Advances in technology allow new products to be designed and made.​
    ​e.g. New technology is creating (pushing) new products. ​
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32
Q

Give an example of technology push

A

Technology push has enabled the iPhone to be developed to include:
​* Thumb print recognition​
* Voice recognition​
* Improved camera​
* Increase battery life​
* Smaller phone with more features​

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33
Q

What causes a market pull?

A
  • Customer demand​
  • Customers want new or improved products​
  • New fashion trends​
  • Customers see competition (other products)​
  • Environmental pressures​
  • A problem arises​
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34
Q

What causes a technology push?

A
  • New discoveries in technology bring new products​
  • New technology is continually being researched​
  • Technology becomes more affordable​
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35
Q

What is the difference between market pull and technological push?

A

Market pull
* Based on consumer demand.
* Market identified before design takes place.
e.g. Electric cars
Technological push
* Product launched to make use of new technology.
* Market does not already exist.
e.g. Smartphones, hoverboards.

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36
Q

What are new and emerging materials?

A
  • These are materials which are being created to have less of an environmental impact
    e.g. using less non-renewable resources, created using less energy etc.​
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37
Q

How can new and emerging materials contribute towards a products life cycle?

A
  • Being made from a sustainable material​
  • Use less energy to produce​
  • Be recycled​
  • Be reused​
  • Be disassembled​
  • Using renewable energy to make, transport and dispose of.​
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38
Q

What is meant by a Life Cycle Analysis?

A
  • Analysing each stage in the life of a product.
  • Assessing impact on sustainability in order to make improvements in sustainability
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39
Q

What is a Life Cycle Analysis used for?

A

A Life Cycle Analysis is used to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product’s life

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40
Q

What are the stages of a products life?

A
  • Raw material extraction ​
  • Materials processing​
  • Manufacture​
  • Distribution​
  • Use​
  • Repair and maintenance ​
  • Disposal or recycling​
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41
Q
A

Materials used​
Are they sustainable?​
Recyclable?​
​
Sustainable design​
Less wasted materials​
Recyclable components​
​
Production​
Use CAD modelling instead​
Improved technology​
​Energy​
Use sustainable energy sources​
Lower carbon footprint​
Less pollution caused​
​
PR (Advertising)​
Customers will pay more for sustainable designs​
Good public image​
Good advertising​
​

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42
Q

Give one example of how the Life Cycle Analysis have influenced the design of a product

A

The LCA points which have influenced the design of the chair:​
​* Must be durable and designed to last​
* Plastic used is recycled​
* Chair can be recycled after use​
* Produced in high volumes which uses less energy per unit​
* Stacked when transported which uses less fuel, causes less pollution​

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43
Q

xsdsustainability

A

THINGS TO CONSIDER…​
What RAW MATERIAL is used?​
Is this a RENEWABLE or NON-RENEWABLE resource?​
​
​
How much ENERGY is used​
​
​
​
TRANSPORT involved, distance, fuel used?​
POLLUTION caused by sourcing, making, transporting, disposing of?​
6 R’S which apply – can it be recycled, reused?​
DURABILITY – Is the product/material long lasting?​
MAINTENANCE –Can the product be maintained so it can keep being used?​

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44
Q

Define non renewable resource

A
  • Once they have been used up, we cannot make them or get anymore.​
45
Q

Define resource depletion

A
  • This is using up resources faster than they can be replaced.​
  • This can apply to renewable and non-renewable resources. ​
46
Q

List non-renewable energy sources

A
  • Oil
  • Gas
  • Coal
47
Q

What is oil used for?

A
  • Used to make plastics and for fuel​

​

48
Q

What are the disadvantages of using oil?

A
  • Drilled from under the sea bed using lots of machinery.​
  • Damages animal’s habitats and causes lots of pollution.​
  • Large amounts of energy needed to turn oil into plastic.​
  • Large amounts of energy to heat and recycle plastics.​
49
Q

What is coal used for?

A
  • Used for fuel (electricity when making products)​
    ​
50
Q

What are metal ores used for?

A
  • Used for metal products​
51
Q

What are the disadvantages of using metal ores?

A
  • Mined using high temperatures and lots of energy. ​
  • High temperatures used to extract the metal from the ore.​
  • Large amounts of energy used to turn metal into different products. ​
  • Lots of energy needed to heat up and recycle metals.​
52
Q

Define renewable energy

A
  • Energy that will not run out (unlike fossil fuels).
53
Q

List renewable energy sources

A
  • Solar
  • Wind
  • Tidal
  • Geothermal
  • Hydroelectric
54
Q

What are renewable energy sources?

A
  • Renewable energy sources quickly replenish themselves and can be used again and again.
  • For this reason they are sometimes called infinite energy resources.​
    ​* Using renewable energy sources saves using fossil fuels like coal and oil.​
    ​
    ​
55
Q

What is solar energy?

A
  • Energy from sunlight is captured in solar panels and converted into electricity.​
56
Q

What are the disadvantages of solar energy?

A
  • Infinite energy supply​
  • Individual houses can have their own electricity supply.​
57
Q

What are the disadvantages of solar energy?

A
  • Making and fitting solar panels is expensive.​
58
Q

What is wind energy?

A
  • Wind turbines turn wind into electricity.​
59
Q

What are the advantages of wind energy?

A
  • Usually built together in wind farms.​
  • Infinite energy supply.​
60
Q

What are the disadvantages of wind energy?

A
  • The look of wind farms spoils its local surroundings.​
  • Making and fitting wind farms is expensive.​
61
Q

What is tidal energy?

A
  • The movement of tides drives turbines.​
  • A tidal barrage (like a dam) is built across estuaries forcing water through gaps.​
62
Q

What are the advantages of tidal energy?

A
  • Great for an island like the UK.​
  • Can generate lots of energy.​
  • Tidal barrages can double as a bridge.​
  • Tidal barrages help to prevent flooding.​
63
Q

What are the disadvantages of tidal energy?

A
  • Tidal barrages are very expensive to make.​
  • Only a few estuaries are suitable for Tidal Barrages.​
  • Can have a negative impact on wildlife.​
64
Q

What is geothermal energy?

A
  • In volcanic regions, it is possible to use the natural heat of the earth.​
  • Cold water is pumped under ground and comes out as steam.​
  • Steam can be used for heating or to power turbines creating electricity.​
65
Q

What are the advantages of geothermal energy?

A
  • Infinite energy supply.​
  • Used successfully in some countries like New Zealand and Iceland.​
66
Q

What are the disadvantages of geothermal?

A
  • Expensive to set up.​
  • Only work in areas with volcanic activity.​
  • If volcanic activity stops, this will leave power stations redundant.​
67
Q

What is hydroelectric power?

A
  • Energy harnessed from the movement of water through rivers, lakes and dams.​
68
Q

What are the advantages of hydroelectric power?

A
  • Creates water reserves.​
  • Creates energy supplies.​
69
Q

What are the disadvantages of hydroelectric power?

A
  • Expensive to build.​
  • Can cause flooding.​
70
Q

What is biomass energy?

A
  • Made from decaying plant or animal waste.​
  • Organic material.​
  • Can be burnt to provide energy.​
    e.g. Rapeseed Oil (from plant)​
71
Q

What are the advantages of biomass?

A
  • Cheap and readily available.​
  • Can be a long-term sustainable energy source.​
72
Q

What are the disadvantages of biomass?

A
  • Causes pollution when burnt.​
  • Only renewable if crops keep being replanted.​
73
Q

sustainable design

A

Energy efficient designs -> Use less fossil fuels​
Use renewable energy sources​
Materials are renewable​
Renewable energy powered vehicles for transport​
Energy efficient production​
Product can be disassembled and disposed of at the end of its life​
Materials are easy to separate for recycling​
Materials used can be recycled/reused​
Maintenance -> Being able to repair a design or replace key parts rather than it be thrown away​
The carbon footprint of the product is considered when designing, making and disposing of​
Customers will often pay more for sustainable designs​

74
Q

Which designers should consider when designing products…​
environmental pressures

A

Reducing the use of fossil fuels/non-renewable resources​
Reducing pollution and emissions​
Reducing global warming​
Recycling​
Minimising transportation (less distance)​
Safely disposing of products​
Consider the carbon footprint of a product​
Causing less harm to animals and their habitats​
Avoid using toxic materials​

75
Q

Define corporate branding

A
  • Corporate branding is where a company creates a distinctive and unique look for their company and products they sell.​
76
Q

Why is corporate branding important?

A
  • This helps customers recognise a brand and increase sales.​
    ​This could include using:​
  • A colour scheme​
  • Logo​
  • Slogan​
  • Specific text/lettering style​
  • Packaging design – consistent/recognisable​
77
Q

How can corporate branding be added to product design?

A
  • Using the corporate colours​
  • Embossing/Printing the logo on​
  • Branded product packaging​
78
Q

What are the advantages of plastic moulding?

A
  • Made in large volumes​
  • Cheap to make per-unit​
  • Quick production​
  • All pieces are identical​
  • Easy to mould complex shapes​
  • Can use a range of colours​
  • No finish needed​
  • No plastic is wasted during production​
  • Draft angles on moulds - pieces come out easily​
    ​
79
Q

What are the disadvantages of plastic moulding?

A
  • Initial set-up costs are high – need to manufacture a lot to offset this.​
80
Q

How can new production processes impact designs of new products?

A
  • Products can be made in one single piece​
  • Reduces number of parts needed​
  • They can be produced accurately in large numbers​
  • Lowers costs​
81
Q

How can renewable energy help make products more sustainable?

A
  • Reduce / eliminate fuel use.
  • Reduce / eliminate CO2emissions and other pollutants.
  • Some renewable energy can be create where needed and doe n not need to be transported (e.g. solar)
    Applies to:ManufactureWhile product is being used.
82
Q

What is meant by sustainability?

A

Sustainability is about using resources in such a way as:
* The resources will not run out.
* Environmental damage does not occur.

83
Q

How can a product be designed to be as sustainable as possible?

A
  • Renewable materials.
  • Locally sources materials.
  • Renewable energy in manufacture.
  • Long product life.
  • Designed for maintenance.
  • ‘Closed loop’ production: At the end of life, the product’s materials are re-used.
84
Q

Why is a long product lifespanbetter for sustainability?

A
  • Reduces consumption of new materials.
  • Reduces waste.
85
Q

What is the difference between recycling and reusing?

A
  • Whole components or products are reused.
  • Recycling involves reconstituting (often melting down) materials.
86
Q

What are the problems with recycling?

A
  • A high percentage of recyclable products do not get recycled.
  • Recycled materials can lose quality.
  • Recycling uses energy.
87
Q

What are the 6 ‘R’s of sustainability?

A
  • Recycle
  • Reuse
  • Repair
  • Refuse (manage without)
  • Reduce
  • Rethink (do it a different way)
88
Q

List what could happen to a product at the end of its life

A
  • Reused for a new purpose.
  • Upcycled to become a new and useful thing.
  • Recycled.
  • Biodegrade (rot down)
  • Buried in land fill (bad)
89
Q

What are the sustainability issues for nuclear power?

A
  • No CO2produced (good).
  • Lots of energy in small amounts of fuel (energy densityis good).
    But…
  • Fuel and waste are highly dangerous.
  • Waste remains dangerous for thousands of years.
  • Accidents cause radioactive contamination.
90
Q

What are eco-materials?

A
  • Eco materials are materials that have a much lower environmental impact that traditional materials.
    BambooHempCorkBioplastic
91
Q

How do recycled materials help with sustainability?

A
  • Reduce need to extract resources from the environment.
  • Reduce waste.
92
Q

What is meant by the term ‘modern materials’?

A

Modern materials are materials which:
* Engineered to have improved properties
* Only available since 20th century or later

93
Q

List as many modern materials as you can.

A
  • Titanium
  • Graphene
  • Aerogel
  • Metal foam
    Look these up and note down what is special about them
94
Q

What is a composite material?List some composite materials?

A
  • A composite material is a material made from more than one material combined.
    *Reinforced concrete.
    *Laminated glass.
    *Glass reinforced polymer. (GRP)
    *Carbon fibre reinforced polymer. (CFRP)
95
Q

What is so good about composite materials?Why can they be bad for sustainability?

A
  • Composite materials combine the best properties of their constituent materials.
    *They are difficult to recycle.
96
Q

What is a smart material?List some smart materials.

A
  • A smart material is a material whose properties change in response to its environment
  • Photochromic.
  • Thermochromic
  • Shape memory alloy
  • MagnetostrictiveLook these up and note down what is special about them.
97
Q

What is a photochromic pigment?

A
  • Colour changes when exposed to light.
98
Q

What is shape memory alloy?

A
  • Shape memory alloy
  • A metal which is ‘set’ into a shape.
  • It can be temporarily deformed but will return to its ‘set’; shape when heated
99
Q

What is a piezoelectric material?

A
  • Shape changes (deformed) when connected to electricityOr / and
    *Creates electricity when deformed.
100
Q

What is artificial intelligence?

A
  • Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer or a robot controlled by a computer to do tasks that are usually done by humans because they require human intelligence and discernment (judgement).
101
Q

What is an emerging technology?

A
  • A technology that is still being developed.
102
Q

List emerging technologies

A
  • Additive manufacture
  • Robotic manufacturing and assembly
  • Cloud computing
  • Artificial intelligence
103
Q

What is additive manufacture?

A
  • Additive manufacturing is a process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies .Often called ‘3D printing’.
104
Q

What are the advantages of Robotic manufacturing and assembly?

A
  • Robotic manufacturing and assembly
  • Speed
  • Accuracy
  • Reduction in personnel costs
  • Flexibility (can quickly be reprogrammed)
105
Q

What is the main disadvantage of Robotic manufacturing and assembly?

A
  • Robotic manufacture is very expensive to set up.
106
Q

What is cloud computing?

A
  • Hosting data on the internet.
  • Running software on the internet (e.g. through web browser)Fusion 360 and Office 365 are examples.
107
Q

List ways in which cloud computing is used in engineering.

A
  • Uses of colour computing in engineering
  • Continuing work at home.
  • Collaborative work on a design (two engineers can work on the same model at the same time).
  • A design engineer can easily share a model with a manufacturing engineer.
  • Data is secured and backed-up by the provider.
108
Q

How does fuel deposition modelling work?

A
  • A polymer filament is passed through a heated extruder head.
  • The extruder moves back and forth depositing a layer of polymer which cools and sets.
  • After one layer is complete, the head moves up and begins the next layer,
109
Q

Give an example of additive manufacture

A
  • Fused deposition modelling

ZZ ENGINEERING (3 decks)

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