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ZZ ENGINEERING > LO1 > Flashcards

LO1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages of the design cycle in order?

A
  1. Identify
  2. Design
  3. Validate
  4. Optimise
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2
Q

Why is the design cycle important?

A
  • Designers can use the design cycle to check designs at each stage
  • This allows designers to discuss designs with the client
  • It saves money as there are less mistakes
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3
Q

In the design cycle, what are the sub-stages of the ‘Identify’ phase in order?

A
  1. Exploring design brief & identify criteria
  2. Research user & client needs
  3. Research needs for the product
  4. Process planning (the design process)
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4
Q

In the design cycle, what are the sub-stages of the ‘Design’ phase in order?

A
  1. Develop design specification.
  2. Develop range of design ideas.
  3. Select and justify chosen designs.
  4. Present chosen designs.
  5. Develop engineering drawings.
  6. Create manufacturing plans.
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5
Q

In the design cycle, what are the sub-stages of the ‘Optimise’ phase?

A
  1. Produce a prototype of the final design
  2. Check the fit, function & aesthetics
  3. Producing a range of prototypes to check for errors
    i.e. Physical testing & testing with a virtual model.
  4. Error proofing - to check it can be made and assembled
  5. Design optimisation - make improvements using client feedback
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6
Q

In the design cycle, what are the sub-stages of the ‘Validate’ phase?

A
  1. Justify design decisions
  2. Product testing - to check it works and is safe
  3. Market testing
  4. Evaluation against design specification.
  5. Evaluating impact of the designed solution.
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7
Q

Define target market

A
  • The intended users or buyers of a product
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8
Q

How might a designer research user needs/ collect research from target market?

A
  • There are several types of survey techniques:
  • Questionnaire
  • Interview
  • Focus group (meet and discuss)
  • Observation is also useful -watching the user complete a task.
  • Product reviews
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9
Q

Why is market research important?

A
  • Ensures the product has the features the market want
  • To make sure it meets client requirements
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10
Q

What can market research lead to?

A
  • Improvements and changes being made to the products design
  • Improvements of an existing product
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11
Q

How may a products design be improved?

A

You can improve:
* Ergonomics
* Weight/Shape
* Volume
* Materials used
* Durability
* Cost

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12
Q

How may an existing product be improved?

A
  • Change colours available
  • Adding and addition feature
  • Change the product style or casing
  • Technological advances become available
    e.g. iPhone
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13
Q

Give an example of how an existing product has been improved due to the influence of the target market

A
  • Users identified a problem with phone screen displays - difficult to see in direct sunlight or during night
  • Screens are now designed to automatically adjust to light levels
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14
Q

In the ‘identify’ stage of the design cycle, what is meant by “Process planning”?

A
  • Planning how the design will be developed.For example: Using iconic products as inspiration.
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15
Q

In the ‘design’ stage of the design cycle, how would a designer choose the best of their initial ideas to develop further?

A
  • Evaluate each design to the design criteria and choose the best.
  • A scoring system could be used.
  • Possibly combining best features of more than one initial idea.
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16
Q

Define specification

A
  • A list of points which outline what a product should do, be or have
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17
Q

List what a specification requirements must include

A
  • Manufacturing
  • Costs
  • Materials
  • Sustainability
  • Users needs
  • Product requirements
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18
Q

How would you create a design specification?

A
  1. Get the design brief from the client
  2. Discuss budget & timescale
  3. Create a list of product requirements
  4. Break the requirements into categories
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19
Q

Define a manufacturing plan

A
  • A step-by-step set of instructions which show how to manufacture a product
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20
Q

What is a manufacturing plan also known as?

A
  • Plan of manufacture
  • Production plan
21
Q

List what a manufacturing plan must include

A
  • Health and safety
  • Order of work
  • Machinery & tools needed
  • Size of pats
  • Materials needed
  • Components needed
  • Surface finishes
  • Quantity needed / Scale of production
  • Time to complete each stage
  • Tolerances
22
Q

Why do designers create manufacturing plans?

A
  • To work out costs
  • To work out timings & how long it will take to make
  • To check it can actually be made
23
Q

Why might a design be simplified?

A
  • Less features = cheaper to make
  • A product with more features might take it out of peoples budgets
  • More features might be more difficult for people to use
24
Q

Why do designers create prototypes?

A
  • Check a product works
  • Check for problems
  • Check safety
  • Identify improvements
25
Q

Name methods of prototyping

A
  • By hand
  • Virtual computer model
  • 3D Printed
26
Q

What is a virtual model?

A
  • A model made within a computer.
  • e.g. Fusion 360.
27
Q

What are the advantages of using a virtual model (virtual prototyping)?

A
  • Does not require physical materials.
  • Does not require machines.
  • Changes can be made easily.
  • Design can be shared with client electronically.
  • Virtual testing can be used to calculate weight, centre of mass, strength etc.
28
Q

What are the disadvantages of using a virtual model (virtual prototyping)?

A
  • Can’t physically touch or test it
  • CAD software is expensive
29
Q

What are the advantages of physical prototyping?

A
  • Physically handle and touch it
  • Physically see it
  • Assess ergonomics
  • Test the function and fit
30
Q

What are the disadvantage of physical prototyping?

A
  • If there is a mistake, a new prototype has to be made from scratch
  • Often doesn’t look realistic due to materials used
31
Q

How can prototyping lead to design changes?

A
  • Feedback from client
  • Change of budget
  • Safety - does it comply with laws?
  • Competition - what other companies are making
32
Q

Define error proofing

A
  • Designing a product so it cannot be used incorrectly or manufactured incorrectly
33
Q

Give two types of error proofing

A
  • Error proofing for manufacture
  • Error proofing for user
34
Q

Describe error proofing for manufacture

A

Error proofing manufacture:
* Components only fit one way round.
* Reducing number of components to simplify assembly.

35
Q

Describe error proofing for user

A

Error proofing for user:
* Colour coding parts
* Preventing product being used in a dangerous way (e.g. power interlock on food processor).
* Visual / audible indicators of correct usage.
* Include a safety switch

36
Q

What are the benefits of error proofing?

A
  • Products are made without mistakes
  • Designs can’t be misused
  • Safer
  • Less accidents
  • Products are easier to use
37
Q

Give an example of an existing product that has been error-proofed

A

USB Cable:
* Designed so it only fits in one way - stops it being used incorrectly & prevents damage
* Insulated case prevents electric shocks
* Arrow shows which way to insert it
* Grips on the casing - easy to use
* Hard durable casing

38
Q

Why is testing developing products important?

A
  • So it’s safe - no injuries
  • Meets clients brief
  • So it doesn’t break
  • So customers are happy
39
Q

How might budget influence the design of and making a product?

A
  • How complex the design is or the shape
  • Cost of tools/ process of making
  • Materials used - cost & how readily available
  • Timescale - when the product is needed
40
Q

How can designers control production costs when developing products?

A
  • Using manufacturing processes which are cheap per part
  • Minimise materials used
  • Source materials cheaply (in bulk)
  • Use standard components (buy in bulk)
  • Minimise parts needed
  • Error proofing (reduces errors, improve quality)
41
Q

What is design optimisation?

A
  • Design optimisation is where the prototype is improved
42
Q

Give examples of design optimisation

A
  • Error proofing.
  • Modified in light of client feedback. E.g. focus group.
  • Improved DFMA (Design for Manufacture Assembly)
43
Q

Designers start with an initial brief.Why might the designer and client make changes and create a final brief?

A

The final brief may be changed by agreement between client and designer because of:
* Market research may show unexpected requirements.
* Legislation may change requirements.
* Availability of materials and manufacturing processes.

44
Q

Why are manufacturing plans created In the ‘design’ stage of the design cycle?

A

Design will be dependant on manufacturing technique.
e.g. For punch press, design must be formable from sheet metal.
* If standard or pre-manufactured components are to be used, these need to be designed in.

45
Q

Who produces the initial brief?

A
  • The client produces the initial brief.
46
Q

What would be in the initial brief?

A
  • Situation & context
  • Purpose of product
  • Functions of product
  • Target audience
  • Corporate branding
47
Q

What is the difference between a situation and context in a brief?

A
  • Context: Circumstances in which the problem occurs.
  • Situation: Where the problem it occurs.
48
Q

When is a design specification created? How is it created?

A
  • Design specification is created at the start of the ‘design’ phase of the design cycle.
  • It is based on the final brief.
49
Q

What does ACCESS FM stand for?

A

A : Aesthetics
C: Consumer
C: Cost (target retail price)
E: Environment (of use and sustainability)
S: Size requirements.
S: Safety requirements.
F: Function (what it must do)
M: Materials and manufacture

ZZ ENGINEERING (3 decks)

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