Lo2: Muscular System Flashcards
Muscles acting at synovial joints- shoulder
Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Pectoralis major
Trazezius
Teres major
Muscles acting at synovial joints- elbow
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii
Muscles acting at synovial joints- radio ulna
Pronator teres
Supinator muscles
Muscles acting at synovial joints- wrist
Wrist flexors
Wrist extensors
Muscles acting at synovial joints- vertebral column
Rectus abdominus
Erector spinae group
Internal obliques
External obliques
Muscles acting at synovial joints- hip
Illiopsoas
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Muscles acting at synovial joints- knee
Rectors femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Muscles acting at synovial joints- ankle
Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
What do tendons link?
Muscle to bone
What do ligaments link?
Bone to bone
Antagonistic pairs- prime mover (agnostic
Determines the movement of an action by contracting.
Antagonistic pairs- antagonist
Works with the prime mover but creates an opposing reaction by relaxing.
Types of muscle contraction- isometric contraction
Muscles stay the same length during contraction or when the activity is being carried out
Types of muscle contraction- concentric contraction
Muscles shorten when performing an action.
Types of muscle contraction- eccentric contraction
Muscles lengthen under tension- ends of the muscle move further away during an action.
Positive effects of exercise (short)
Increase in blood flow to the muscles exercising- increase demand for 02.
Increase in demand for fuel by the muscles exercising. Increase in waste products- lactic acid, co2.
Increase in body temperature meaning that muscles become more flexible. Increase alertness due to hormones being released
Negative effects of exercise (short)
Increase chance of DOMS. (Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness)
High-intensity exercise can lead to fatigue.
Energy stores and myoglobin levels within the muscles can be depleted.
Positive effects of exercise (long)
Muscles become bigger (thicker) and stronger- depending on type of exerxise that had been undertaken.
Size and strength of muscle tissue can increase.
This muscle tissue allows for fast movements to be carried out- sprint or poeer type activities (participation in strength type exercises).
Increased availability of the fuel source required.
Negative effects of exercise (long)
Repeated exercise without adequate rest can result in overuse injuries in muscles.
Fasciitis- inflammation of the sheath around the muscles.
Slow twitch fibres (type one)
Designed for aerobic exercise, using oxygen to produce a small amount of tension over a long period of time.
They are very resistant to fatigue as the speed of the contraction is slow.
They have a higher capacity for aerobic capacity respiration.
They are red in colour because of more myoglobin.
Performers in endurance events tend to have a higher percentage of slow twitch muscle fibres.
Slow oxidative muscle fibres
Designed to store oxygen in myoglobin and process the oxygen in the mitochondria to break down fast and glucose into ATP.
For this reason, above slow oxidative fibres have:
High density of mitochondria, high density of myoglobin and dense network of capillaries to transport the oxygen to the cells.
Fast Twitch
Contract faster than slow twitch fibres and with much more force.
They are used whenever rapid, powerful movements are needed.
They do not have a good supply of oxygen, so they tire very quickly.
They are suited to activities that needs bursts of strength and power eg; sprinting and weightlifting.
Type 2a (FOG) and 2b (FTG)
Fast Oxidative Glycolytic fibres (F.O.G) and Fast Twitch Glycolytic (F.T.G).
They are both designed for anaerobic capacity, producing high contractions in a short period of time.
This however means that they have a low resistance to fatigue.
They are white in colour because of low levels of myoglobin.
F.T.G structurally designed to produce a large amount of force relatively quickly but are also able to resist fatigue.
They have large stores of phosphocreatine which help to maintain a good anaerobic capacity and an immediate energy supply. They can exert a large force and have a fast contraction and relaxation time.
Suited for athletes involved in explosive, power events eg; shot put and 100m sprint.
