Lo2: Muscular System

Question 1

Muscles acting at synovial joints- shoulder

Answer 1

Deltoid
Latissimus dorsi
Pectoralis major
Trazezius
Teres major

Question 2

Muscles acting at synovial joints- elbow

Answer 2

Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii

Question 3

Muscles acting at synovial joints- radio ulna

Answer 3

Pronator teres
Supinator muscles

Question 4

Muscles acting at synovial joints- wrist

Answer 4

Wrist flexors
Wrist extensors

Question 5

Muscles acting at synovial joints- vertebral column

Answer 5

Rectus abdominus
Erector spinae group
Internal obliques
External obliques

Question 6

Muscles acting at synovial joints- hip

Answer 6

Illiopsoas
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus

Question 7

Muscles acting at synovial joints- knee

Answer 7

Rectors femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus

Question 8

Muscles acting at synovial joints- ankle

Answer 8

Tibialis anterior
Gastrocnemius
Soleus

Question 9

What do tendons link?

Answer 9

Muscle to bone

Question 10

What do ligaments link?

Answer 10

Bone to bone

Question 11

Antagonistic pairs- prime mover (agnostic

Answer 11

Determines the movement of an action by contracting.

Question 12

Antagonistic pairs- antagonist

Answer 12

Works with the prime mover but creates an opposing reaction by relaxing.

Question 13

Types of muscle contraction- isometric contraction

Answer 13

Muscles stay the same length during contraction or when the activity is being carried out

Question 14

Types of muscle contraction- concentric contraction

Answer 14

Muscles shorten when performing an action.

Question 15

Types of muscle contraction- eccentric contraction

Answer 15

Muscles lengthen under tension- ends of the muscle move further away during an action.

Question 16

Positive effects of exercise (short)

Answer 16

Increase in blood flow to the muscles exercising- increase demand for 02.
Increase in demand for fuel by the muscles exercising. Increase in waste products- lactic acid, co2.
Increase in body temperature meaning that muscles become more flexible. Increase alertness due to hormones being released

Question 17

Negative effects of exercise (short)

Answer 17

Increase chance of DOMS. (Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness)
High-intensity exercise can lead to fatigue.
Energy stores and myoglobin levels within the muscles can be depleted.

Question 18

Positive effects of exercise (long)

Answer 18

Muscles become bigger (thicker) and stronger- depending on type of exerxise that had been undertaken.
Size and strength of muscle tissue can increase.
This muscle tissue allows for fast movements to be carried out- sprint or poeer type activities (participation in strength type exercises).
Increased availability of the fuel source required.

Question 19

Negative effects of exercise (long)

Answer 19

Repeated exercise without adequate rest can result in overuse injuries in muscles.
Fasciitis- inflammation of the sheath around the muscles.

Question 20

Slow twitch fibres (type one)

Answer 20

Designed for aerobic exercise, using oxygen to produce a small amount of tension over a long period of time.
They are very resistant to fatigue as the speed of the contraction is slow.
They have a higher capacity for aerobic capacity respiration.
They are red in colour because of more myoglobin.
Performers in endurance events tend to have a higher percentage of slow twitch muscle fibres.

Question 21

Slow oxidative muscle fibres

Answer 21

Designed to store oxygen in myoglobin and process the oxygen in the mitochondria to break down fast and glucose into ATP.
For this reason, above slow oxidative fibres have:
High density of mitochondria, high density of myoglobin and dense network of capillaries to transport the oxygen to the cells.

Question 22

Fast Twitch

Answer 22

Contract faster than slow twitch fibres and with much more force.
They are used whenever rapid, powerful movements are needed.
They do not have a good supply of oxygen, so they tire very quickly.
They are suited to activities that needs bursts of strength and power eg; sprinting and weightlifting.

Question 23

Type 2a (FOG) and 2b (FTG)

Answer 23

Fast Oxidative Glycolytic fibres (F.O.G) and Fast Twitch Glycolytic (F.T.G).
They are both designed for anaerobic capacity, producing high contractions in a short period of time.
This however means that they have a low resistance to fatigue.
They are white in colour because of low levels of myoglobin.
F.T.G structurally designed to produce a large amount of force relatively quickly but are also able to resist fatigue.
They have large stores of phosphocreatine which help to maintain a good anaerobic capacity and an immediate energy supply. They can exert a large force and have a fast contraction and relaxation time.
Suited for athletes involved in explosive, power events eg; shot put and 100m sprint.