Lo1: Skeletal System Flashcards
What is the skeletal system made up of?
It’s made up of bones, cartilage and joints. Without the system, humans would be shapeless heaps of muscle and tissue, unable to get up off the floor.
Axial skeleton
Made up of 80 bones. This includes skull,thorax, ribcage and vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton
Made up of 126 bones that are connected to the axial skeleton. This includes tibia, fibia, ulna and femur.
Long bones
90 bones in the body. This includes femur, humerous, clavicle and phalanges
Short bones
28 bones in the body. This includes talus and carpals
Flat bones
36 bones in the body. This includes nasal bone, scapula, sternum and hip
Sesamoid bones
4 bones in the body. This includes patella, hallux (big toe)
Irregular bones
48 bones in the body. This includes thorax, vertebrae, palatine and coccyx
Funtion of the skeletal system- attachment
Parts of the skeleton provide a surface for muscle to attach to for movement
Function of skeletal system- protection
Protects the vital tissues and organs in the body (brain, heart and lungs)
Function of skeletal system- production
Bones contain marrow which produces blood cells
Function of the skeletal system- support
Provides bodyshape and supports soft tissue of the body.
Function of the skeletal system- store
The bones store key minerals for the body’s growth.
What is a fixed joint?
Known as a fibrous or immoveable. There is no joint cavity, but the bones are held together by fibrous tissue. Examples- skull or pelvis
What is slightly moveable/cartilaginous?
It’s linked by a cartilage, there is some slight movement. Examples- between the vertebrae, ribs and sternum.
What is a freely moveable/synovial joint?
Joints which are free to move but must consist of 2 or more bones, contains synovial fluid surrounded by a synovial membrane
Saddle joint
Found at the base of the thumb. Allows the thumb to be moved in 2 directions. For example, backwards and forwards and from side to side. The surface is concave and convex.
Gliding joints
Movements over a flat surface in all directions but movement restricted by ligaments or a bony prominence. For example, carpals and tarsals or wrist and ankles.
Pivot joints
Found in the neck. Rotation of one bone around another. Part of the bone fits into another ring of bones as intake atlas and axis, allowing rotation of the head.
Hinge joints
The range of movement is limited to one directions/one plane such as a door hinge. Found at the elbow and knee.
Ellipsoid joints
Similar to a ball and socket joint, but they join differently with a bump joining from one bone into a hollow formed by the other bone. Movement is limited. Found at the wrist and ankle.
Ball and socket joints.
A round end at bone fits into a cup-shaped socket in the other bone. Found in the shoulder and the hip. Designed to allow a wide range of movement.
Structure of synovial joint (synovial membrane)
Layer that lines the synovial joint producing fluid.
Structure of synovial joint (pads of fat)
acts as friction reducers. In the knee, they fill the space below the patella and the ends of the femur and tibia.
Structure of synovial joint (ligaments)
Holds 2 ends of bone together.
Structure of synovial joint (menisci)
Pads of tissue thar lie between articular cartilage and synovial fluid.
Structure of synovial joint (synovial fluid)
Thick white fluid that helps to reduce friction in a joint.
Structure of synovial joint (joint capsules)
Protective layers around a joint.
Structure of synovial joint (bursae)
Small sacks filled with fluid. Located where skin, ligaments or bones cause friction.
Structure of a synovial joint (articulate/hyaline cartilage)
Hard/smooth and bluish/white in colour. Covering the ends of the bones where they meet. The smooth and glossy consistency enables bones to move against each other without friction
Joint movement (flexion and extension)
The bending of a joint where the bones are brought closer together or moved apart.
Joint movement (lateral flexion)
Refers specifically to the spine, related to bending from side to side.
Joint movement (abduction and adduction)
The movement of a body part away and towards the midline of the body.
Joint movement (horizontal abduction and adduction and flexion and extension)
Refers specifically to ball and socket joints.
Joint movement (medial and lateral rotation)
Refers to ball and socket joints, movement away and towards the midline of the body.
Joint movement (circumduction)
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.
Joint movement (pronation and supination)
Refers to the radio ulna joint.
Joint movement (dorsi flexion and plantar flexion)
Refers to the ankle joint, pointing foot and toes towards the ground and up towards the tibia.
Joint movement (structure and function of the vertebral column)
Cervical
Thoratic
Lumbar
Sacrum (fused)
Coccyx (fused)
Role in movement is important to the way we walk and interact with our environment
Short term effects
The increased production of
synovial fluid within joints. This reduces the impact of exercise on the joint and helps to increase the range of
movement (rom). This is the reason why we participate in a warm-up prior to exercise, especially if high-impact activities. High impact physical activity
can increase the risk of injury to joints and bones.
Long term effects
Physical activity can improve your bone density, increasing the strength of ligaments of the joints associated with them. Increased body density
can help to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Long-term, repetitive physical activity can cause stress
fractures in bones. Some activities such as lifting weights that are too heavy may cause issues with lower back pain.
