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LO1 Flashcards

1
Q

Four tissue types:

A

1) Epithelial 2) Connective 3) Nervous 4) Muscle

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2
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increased cell numbers

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3
Q

Metaplasia

A

Transformation of cell type (eg, squamous from columnar)

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4
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increased cell size

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5
Q

Dysplasia

A

Transformation to malignancy

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6
Q

Sensitivity

A

How well the test detects people who HAVE the disease out of everyone who is sick

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7
Q

Sensitivity formula

A

TP/(TP+FN)

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8
Q

Specificity

A

How well the test detects people who DON’T have the disease out of everyone who ISN’T sick

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9
Q

Specificity formula

A

TN/(FP+TN)

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10
Q

Positive predictive value (PPV)

A

Given a positive test, what are the chances you really have the disease

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11
Q

PPV formula

A

TP/(TP+FP)

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12
Q

Negative predictive value (NPV)

A

Given a negative test, how sure are you that you don’t have the disease

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13
Q

NPV formula

A

TN/(TN+FN)

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14
Q

Four ways in which membrane proteins associate with the lipid bilayer:

A

1) Integral transmembrane protein 2) Attached to prenyl groups or fatty acids, which insert in the cytosolic side of the plasmalemma 3) GPI (glycophosphatidylinositol) anchors on extracellular face of membrane 4) Peripheral membrane proteins non-covalently associated with true transmembrane proteins

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15
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Signaling to nearby cells

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16
Q

Autocrine cell signaling

A

Self-stimulation

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17
Q

Endocrine cell signaling

A

Long-distance signaling via bloodstream

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18
Q

3 cytoskeletal elements:

A

1) Microtubules 2) Intermediate filaments 3) Microfilaments

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19
Q

Microtubules

A

Made up of tubulin, in cilia and flagella, assist in mitosis. End embedded in centrioles via gamma-tubulin, dynein, and kynesin attach and move toward (dynein, “dine-in”) and away (kinesin, “take-out”) from cell center. Important inaxonal anterograde transport and axonal retrograde transport, in equilibrium with unpolymerized subunits in cytoplasm. 25nm diameter

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20
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Provide structural stability, connect with spot desmosomes in epithelia, can effectively connect with ECM via membrane associated proteins. 10nm diameter, fixed size

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21
Q

Microfilaments

A

Made of actin subunits, control cell shape. In microvilli, and used in muscle contraction with myosin. In equilibrium with unpolymerized subunits in cytoplasm. 3-5nm diameter

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22
Q

3 types of cell junctions:

A

1) Occluding/tight junctions 2) Anchoring junctions (desmosomes) 3) Gap junctions

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23
Q

Occluding/tight junction

A

Seals cells together in a tight sheet that prevents small molecules from leaking from one side to the other, allows cell to segregate apical and basolateral spaces.

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24
Q

Desmosomes

A

Mechanically attach cells and their cytoskeletons to other cells or the ECM. In broad belts, called belt desmosomes or zonula adherens. Rivet-like adhesion focus, called spot desmosomes or macula adherens. Attached to ECM, called hemidesmosomes.

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25
Q

Gap junction

A

Also called connexon. Make up of connexins, permit passage of positively charged ions and other small molecules from the cytoplasm of one cell to another. In nervous system, cardiac myocytes, and some glandular organs.

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26
Q

ELISA

A

Enzyme-linked ImmunoSorbant Assay Measures the concentration of an analyte (usually antibodies or antigens to a protein) in solution. High risk of false positives, so check with Western.

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27
Q

HPLC

A

High Performance Liquid Chromatography Used to separate, identify, and quantify each component in a mixture.

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28
Q

Northern blot

A

Detects RNA

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29
Q

Southern blot

A

Detects DNA

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30
Q

Western blot

A

Detects protein

31
Q

In situ hybridization

A

Used to reveal the location of specific nucleic acid (mRNA) sequences on chromosomes or in tissues. Uses a labeled complementary DNA, RNA or modified nucleic acids strand (i.e., probe) to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue (in situ), in cells, and in circulating tumor cells (CTCs).

32
Q

Cellular sites of protein synthesis (6):

A

1) Ribosomes 2) RER 3) Golgi apparatus 4) Signal peptides 5) Chaperones 6) SER

33
Q

Cellular degradation components (3):

A

1) Peroxisomes 2) Lysosomes 3) Proteasomes

34
Q

Passive transport vs. active transport

A

Passive transport moves particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration and does NOT require energy. Includes both diffusion and types of facilitated diffusion. Active transport moves particles from low concentration areas to high concentration areas. DOES require energy.

35
Q

Clathrin

A

Coat-protein used to build small vesicles in order to transport molecules within cells.

36
Q

SNARES

A

Proteins mediating vesicle fusion with target membrane-bound compartments. V-SNARE: found on vesicle membranes. T-SNARE: found on target compartment membranes.

37
Q

Rab-GDP

A

GTPase (hydrolyzes guanosine triphosphate) that regulates vesicular membrane traffic.

38
Q

Mitochondria

A

Make ATP (oxidative phosphorylation). Critical to apoptotic pathways. Contain mtDNA.

39
Q

Chromatin

A

A complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

40
Q

Euchromatin

A

Lightly packaged chromatin that is gene-rich and the most active portion of the genome in the nucleus. Located at chromosome arms, undergoes recombination during meiosis. Under active transcription.

41
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Condensed, coiled DNA at centromeres and telomeres. Gene-poor and repetitious, no meiotic recombination.

42
Q

Ribosomes

A

Produce proteins. Free ribosomes are in the cytoplasm and produce proteins to be exocytosed. Bound ribosomes produce proteins for the cell and are in the RER.

43
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Site of major export of protein synthesis. Has ribosomes.

44
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination. Cis -> trans

45
Q

Signal peptides

A

Part of instructions to cellular transport machinery to correctly position a protein inside or outside the cell, ER/membrane insertion. Located in certain organelles (the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi or endosomes), secreted from the cell, or inserted into most cellular membranes.

46
Q

Cell chaperones

A

Assist in folding proteins.

47
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Site of calcium sequestration and fatty acid/steroid synthesis. Does not have ribosomes.

48
Q

Eosin stain

A

Stains protein pink (e.g. connective tissue, muscle)

49
Q

Hematoxylin stain

A

Stains negatively charged structures blue (e.g. nuclei) and implies high cell density, inflammation, etc.

50
Q

Epithelium

A

The cellular lining of all body cavities, as well as the exterior of the body.

Cohesive cellular tissue exhibiting structural and functional polarity and resistance to non-specific transport.

51
Q

Ectoderm

A

Embryonic cell layer that gives rise to the epithelium of the exterior body surface and its associated structures.

52
Q

Endoderm

A

Embryonic cell layer that gives rise to the respiratory system, gastrointestinal, and hepatobilary (liver, gallbladder, bile ducts) structures, and much of the urogenital tract.

53
Q

Mesoderm

A

Embryonic cell layer that gives rise to the epithelial lining of the vascular channels (endothelium) and coelomic cavities (mesothelium), as well as epithelial structures of the kidneys and gonads.

54
Q

Functions of epithelium (7):

A

1) Barrier
2) Transport
3) Defense
4) Thermoregulation
5) Sensory
6) Biochemical synthesis
7) Endocrine/glandular functions

“But the day to save babies ended”

55
Q

Layers of digestive tract (6):

A

1) Epithelium on basement membrane (basal lamina and reticular lamina)
2) Lamina propria
3) Muscularis mucosa
4) Submucosa
5) Muscularis propria
6) Serosa

“Bob let me make some meat pie Saturday”

56
Q

Microvilli

A

Form brush border of absoprtive columnar epithelia, as found in the intestine. Consist of a tight parellel array of slender, cylindrical cell processes 1-2um in length and 80-90nm diameter (smaller than cilia).

57
Q

Kinocilia

A

Cytoplasmic processes 7-10um in length and 0.2um in diameter that rapidly oscillate in a coordinated fashion to move fluids or mucus over the epithelial surface.

Found in bronchi for clearance of respiratory mucus and particles, and in the fallopian tube for movement of eggs.

58
Q

Stereocilia

A

Long, slender processes found on pseudostratified columnar epithelia of the epididymis and hair cells of the inner ear. Resemble microvilli in structure but are much larger (up to 100um).

59
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Single layer of flat, polygonal cells that offer little resistance to diffusion, and are suitable for lining surfaces across which metabolites and gases must move rapidly.

Found in: pulmonary alveoli, Bowman’s capsule of renal glomeruli, thin segment of the renal loops of Henle, rete testis, tympanic mebrane of the middle ear, etc.

60
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Single layer of polygonal cells that are taller and have smaller outlines than squamous cells (more cuboidal). Most useful for effecient absorption and/or secretion.

Found in: tubules of kidney, thyroid follicles, peritoneal surfaces, ovaries, choroid plexus, capsule of the optic lens, pigment epithelium of the retina, and the ducts of various (often acinar) glands (sweat, salivary, pancreatic, mammary).

61
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of tall cells with long axis perpendicular to basilar membrane, with nuclei all aligned towards the base. Also useful for absorption/secretion.

Found in digestive tract from stomach to rectum, in gallbaldder, and some large excretory gland ducts.

62
Q

Cilitated simple columnar epithelium

A

Layer of columnar epithelium with cilia. Lines uterine cavity, oviducts, parts of the bronchi, paranasal sinuses, and central canal of spinal cord.

63
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Multilayer epithelium that matures into a squamous morphology towards the surface. Cells near the base are more rounded and mitotically active.

Found in: esophagus, lining the oral cavity, conjunctiva, cornea, vagina, distal urethra, and anus.

64
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Stratified squamous epithelium where outermost layer of cells have lost their nuclei and their cytoplasm becomes replaced by keratin intermediate filaments, as in epidermis.

65
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Superficial cells are columnar and basal cells cuboidal.

Relatively uncommon, found in fornix of conjunctiva, cavernous urethra, pharynx, small areas of anal mucous membranes, and in large exrectory gland ducts.

66
Q

Ciliated stratified columnar epithelium

A

Ciliated apical columnar cells with basal cuboidal cells. Found on nasal surface of the soft palate and in the larynx.

67
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Variable array of epithelial cells, all of which contact the basilar membrane. Nuclei are not aligned. Found in excretory ducts of parotid gland and in male urethra.

Columnar cells may be ciliated (as in trachea, large bronchi, auditory tube, tympanic cavity, and lacrimal sac).

68
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Stratified epithelium mainly found in urinary collecting system. Appearance varies based on tissue distension. Adapted to accommodate lots of stretching and toxicity of urine. Some surface cells may be binucleate, some also called umbrella cells.

Also called urothelium.

69
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Release products via duct onto epithelial surface. Can include simple (unbranched), compound (branched), or unicellular (e.g. goblet cells), and tubular or acinar. Have myoepithelial cells that are contractile and contral glandular tone.

70
Q

Eccrine or merocrine secretion

A

Exocrine secretion via excocytosis, normally of proteins (e.g. sweat glands).

71
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Exocrine secretion via discharge of free, unbroke, membrane-bound vesicles containing secretory product, normally lipids (e.g. breast milk).

72
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Exocrine secretion involving bulk release of whole secretory cells or cytoplasm where cells are subsequently disintegrated. Principally occurs in sebaceous glands (hair follicles).

73
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete products into blood and lymph, so products are directed basolaterally. Very diverse; can release amino acids, peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and steroids.

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