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Pharmacology > LO 7 > Flashcards

LO 7 Flashcards

1
Q

List what occurs to major organs with the PANS (rest and digest) system

A
  1. G.I - increase HCL, increase blood flow
  2. Lungs - decrease respiratory rate
  3. Heart - decrease heart rate
  4. Blood pressure - decrease
  5. Eyes - pupils constrict
  6. Salivary glands - increase serous saliva from parotid
  7. Receptors - nicotinic, muscarinic
  8. Neuro transmitters - Acetylcholine
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2
Q

List what occurs to major organs with the SANS (fight or flight) system

A
  1. G.I - decrease HCL, decrease blood flow
  2. Lungs - increase respiratory rate
  3. Heart - increase heart rate
  4. Blood pressure - increase
  5. Eyes - pupils dilate
  6. Salivary glands - decrease serous saliva from parotid, increase in viscous saliva from subling and submand gland
  7. Receptors - nicotinic, adrenergic
  8. Neuro transmitters - Acetylcholine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
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3
Q

Neurotransmitters are released in response to _________ and __________

A
  1. action potential
  2. Pharmacological agent
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4
Q

Drugs exert their effect by altering/modifying neurotransmitter’s ____________

A
  1. Synthesis
  2. Storage
  3. Release
  4. Receptor interaction
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5
Q

Describe the pharmaceutical effects of cholinergic medications (increase ACh in at the muscarinic receptors in PANS)

A
  1. Decrease heart rate (bradycardia)
  2. Decrease blood pressure
  3. Decrease pupil size
  4. Increase HCL in stomach
  5. Increase saliva
  6. Increase lacrimation
  7. Increase urination
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6
Q

Describe the adverse effects of cholinergic medications (increase ACh in at the muscarinic receptors in PANS)

A
  1. SLUD
  2. Salivation
  3. Lacrimation
  4. Urination
  5. Defecation
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7
Q

Describe the medical uses of cholinergic medications (increase ACh in at the muscarinic receptors in PANS)

A
  1. xerostomia
  2. glaucoma
  3. chemical warfare
  4. insecticides
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8
Q

Describe the contraindications of cholinergic medications (increase ACh in at the muscarinic receptors in PANS)

A
  1. asthma
  2. GI/urinary obstruction
  3. peptic ulcers
  4. severe cardiac disease
  5. hyperthyroidism
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9
Q

Describe the pharmaceutical effects of anti-cholinergic medications (block the action of ACh in at the muscarinic receptors in PANS)

A
  1. Increase heart rate (tachycardia)
  2. Increase pupil size (dilation)
  3. Decrease stomach motility
  4. Decrease saliva (xerostomia)
  5. Decrease lacrimation & perspiration
  6. Decrease urination and defecation
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10
Q

Describe the adverse effects of anti-cholinergic medications (block the action of ACh in at the muscarinic receptors in PANS)

A
  1. xerostomia
  2. G.I stasis
  3. tachycardia
  4. blurred vision
  5. urinary stasis
  6. fever
  7. hot, dry, flushed skin
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11
Q

Describe the medical uses of anti-cholinergic medications (block the action of ACh in at the muscarinic receptors in PANS)

A
  1. dry field in dental procedure (especially for drooling kids)
  2. ophthalmic exams
  3. tx for diarrhea & motion sickness
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12
Q

Describe the contraindications of anti-cholinergic medications (block the action of ACh in at the muscarinic receptors in PANS)

A
  1. xerostomia
  2. glaucoma
  3. urinary obstruction/retention
  4. constipation
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13
Q

Give some examples of additive drug-drug interaction with other anti-cholinergic drugs (same biological response with same mech of action).

A
  1. phenothiazine (antipsychotic)
  2. anti-convulsants
  3. anti-histamine (allergy TX)
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14
Q

This medication is an example of anticholinergic medication

A

Atropine

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15
Q

This medication is an example of cholinergic medication

A

Pilocarpine

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16
Q

How do medication affect the SANS?

A
  1. Only NE + Epin at adrenergic receptors
  2. Alpha receptors - skin and blood vessels
  3. Beta receptors - B1 is heart, B2 is lungs
17
Q

Adrenergic agonists are also called __________

A

sympathomimetics

18
Q

How do norepinephrine and NE type drugs act as adrenergic agonists?

A

Work on alpha receptors as vasoconstrictors

19
Q

How do epinephrine and epin-like drugs act as adrenergic agonists?

A

Work on alpha and beta receptors

20
Q

Describe the pharmaceutical effects of adrenergic agonists?

A
  1. CNS - increase excitation/alertness
  2. CVS - increase heart rate/blood pressure (tachycardia)
  3. Vessels - vasoconstriction (contributes to increased blood pressure)
  4. Eyes - decrease in intraocular pressure (tx for glaucoma)
  5. Respiratory - increase bronchodilation (tx asthma)
  6. Metabolic effects - increase hyperglycemia/ increase metabolic rate/ decrease insulin
  7. Salivary glands - increase submand and minor glands
21
Q

List the medical uses for adrenergic agonists

A
  1. Vasoconstriction for dental surgery (in LA carps)
  2. Hemostasis (stop bleeding)
  3. Decongestion - vasoconstriction
  4. Cardiac treatment - anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest
  5. Bronchodilation - tx for asthma and emphysema - Ventolin
  6. Ritalin - tx ADD and narcolepsy (increased mental alertness)
22
Q

List the adverse reactions of adrenergic agonists

A
  1. anxiety/tremors/palpitations/psychosis
  2. palpitation/arrhythmias
  3. increased blood pressure
  4. can be abused as diet pills or study enhancers
23
Q

What are the contraindications for adrenergic agonists

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Angina
  3. Hyperthyroidism
24
Q

Describe how epinephrine works, how it is stored, and what it is used to treat.

A
  1. Generally works on both alpha and beta receptors - vasoconstriction
  2. Stored in amber bottle due to light sensitivity
  3. Used to treat acute asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, added to LA in DDS
25
Q

Describe levonordefrin

A
  1. Norepinephrine agonist (mostly work on blood vessels b/c of alpha that works with vasoconstriction)
  2. added to LA carps
26
Q

What are the types of Adrenergic Blockers?

A
  1. Alpha = non-selective blocker / selective A1 blocker
  2. Beta = non-selective blocker / selective B1 blocker
27
Q

Describe alpha blockers

A
  1. decrease vasoconstriction - decrease BP
  2. alpha-blockers + epinephrine causes severe decrease BP (reversal epinephrine effect)
  3. Used for treatments of Raynauds, hypertension, anxiety
  4. Adverse reaction - clients can be dizzy when they stand (orthostatic hypotension) - must seat the patient up slowly
28
Q

What is the common suffix of beta blockers?

A

“olol”

29
Q

What is the common suffix of alpha and beta blockers in one pill?

A

“alol”

Used for tx of hypertension

30
Q

Give an example of a non-specific beta blocker

A

propranolol

31
Q

Give an example of a B1 specific blocker

A

atenolol

32
Q

Describe the medical uses and adverse reactions of beta blockers

A
  1. Treatment of arrhythmias, angina, hypertension (high BP), congestive heart failure
  2. Adverse reactions - hypoglycemia, xerostomia
33
Q

Describe neuromuscular drugs

A
  1. Exert their effect at Nicotinic receptors
  2. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter
34
Q

Describe Succinylcholine

A
  1. Neuromuscular agonist
  2. causes paralysis (due to a lot of muscle contraction)
  3. used in general anesthetics
  4. Never use in pts w/ malignant hyperthermia
35
Q

Describe Curare

A
  1. Neuromuscular antagonist (blocker)
  2. Causes paralysis
  3. Given before succinylcholine in general anesthetics to decrease post-op muscular pain

Pharmacology (15 decks)

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