LO 5.2 - Macro and Micro elements Flashcards
- Definition of macro and micro elements in plant nutrition - List macro and micro elements - Main function in the plant of macro and micro nutrients - Symptoms of deficiency and toxicity
Name some 9 Macronutrients.
Macro and Micro Elements
Macronutrients
* Nitrogen (N)
* Phosphorus (P)
* Potassium (K)
* Calcium (Ca)
* Magnesium (Mg)
* Sulfur (S)
* Carbon (C)
* Hydrogen (H)
* Oxygen (O)
Macro and Micro Elements
Question
What are some properties of Nitrogen?
Nitrogen
- Part of chlorophyll molecule
- Essential for growth of roots and above-ground parts, gives foliage a strong green colour.
- Toxicity of N is rare, but when levels are excessive crops can be a darker green than normal, excessively leafy and slow to mature.
- Sources of nitrogen include organic fertilisers and products such as urea and calcium ammonium nitrate.
Nitrogen
Question
What are some deficiency symptoms of Nitrogen?
Nitrogen
- Plants deficient in nitrogen smaller, spindly stems, pale or yellowish leaves (chlorosis).
Nitrogen
Info Graphic
Nitrogen deficiency (lettuce)
Symptoms: restricted growth, ‘heart’ not developed, leaves pale.
Nitrogen
Plant analysis:
* 2.2% N on left (deficient).
* 4.8% N on right (normal)
Normal range 3.5% to 5.5%N.
Nitrogen
Info Graphic
Nitrogen deficiency (cucumber)
Restricted growth, fewer fruits, fruits short and pale green. leaves small and yellow-green, older leaves yellow and die prematurely.
Nitrogen
Plant analysis:
* 2% N on lower leaf (deficient)
* 5% N on top leaf (normal)
Normal range 3.5% to 5.5%N.
Nitrogen
Question
Why is Phosphorus (P) required in plants?
Phosphorus (P)
- Phosphorus (P) is required in plants for cell metabolism.
- Necessary for root development. Seedlings and young plants have a high (P) requirement.
Phosphorus (P)
Question
What are some symptoms of phosphorus (P) deficiency in plants.
Phosphorus (P)
- Plants that are deficient in phosphorus (P) have restricted growth and fruit production.
- Some plants have a purplish discolouration on their leaves.
Phosphorus (P)
Info Graphic
Phosphorus (P) deficiency (Poinsettia)
* Top picture: shows loss of colour in leaves.
* Bottom picture: With severe deficiency leaves become very small and yellow and tips become brown.
Phosphorus (P)
- Deficient leaves: 0.04% P
- Normal leaves 0.49% P
- Normal range 0.35% to 0.75%
Phosphorus (P)
Question
What are some sources of Phosphorus (P)?
Phosphorus (P)
- Phosphorus (P) occurs in soils in organic and inorganic forms.
- Organic (P) originates from plant and animal residues.
- Inorganic (P) exists as rock phosphate.
- Much of the (P) in a soil is in an unavailable form. It is released gradually from the breakdown of soil minerals and from organic matter.
- Excess phosphorus can show up as zinc or iron deficiency symptoms – chlorosis, leaf distortion.
Phosphorus (P)
Question
Why is Potassium (K) required in plants?
Potasium (K)
- Important for enzyme activity in plants.
- Gives some drought, disease and frost tolerance to plants.
- Enhances flower colour and taste/texture of many fruits and vegetables.
Potasium (K)
Question
Potassium (K) is mobile in plants. What does this mean?
Potasium (K)
Potassium (K) is mobile in plants, so deficiency symptoms are seen in the older leaves first.
* (Plants will always try to supply nutrients to their youngest leaves first, so mobile elements such as N, P and K will be moved to the younger leaves.)
Potasium (K)
Question
What are some symptoms of Potassium (K) deficiency?
Potasium (K)
Potassium (K) deficiencies.
* Leaf mottling
* Pale leaf margins later becoming ‘scorched’
* Tendency to wilt (K balances the effects of N by ‘hardening up’ growth)
* Reduced growth
Excess potassium can induce nitrogen deficiency symptoms.
Potasium (K)
Info Graphic
Potassium (K) deficiency (Poinsettia)
* Top picture shows margins and interveinal areas are yellow.
* Bottom picture shows reddish-brown spots developing between the veins and near the margins.
Potasium (K)
Affected leaves: 0.6% K
Normal leaves 4.5% K
Normal range 2.5% – 5% K
Potasium (K)
Info Graphic
Potassium (K) deficiency (Pelargonium)
Potasium (K)
‘Scorching’ of leaf margins
Potasium (K)
Question
What are some sources of Potassium (K)?
Potasium (K)
Almost all soil Potassium (K) comes from inorganic sources – for example mica which occurs in igneous and metamorphic rock. The Potassium (K) is released slowly by weathering.
* Young volcanic soils are usually high in Potassium (K).
* Only small amounts of Potassium (K) are found in organic matter.
* Potassium (K) fertilisers include sulfate of potash and potassium chloride.
Potasium (K)
Question
Why is Calcium (Ca) required in plants?
Calcium (Ca)
- Important part of plant cell walls.
- Has a role in cell division.
- Regulates transport of other nutrients in the plant.
Calcium (Ca)
Question
Calcium deficiency in soils is relatively rare as it is present in many minerals that dissolve easily to forms available to plants.
What are some symptoms of Calcium (Ca) deficiency?
Deficiency may arise in very sandy soils or highly leached acid soils.
Calcium (Ca)
- Symptoms include pale leaf margins followed by necrosis (death of tissue).
- Symptoms tend to show in growing tips as Calcium (Ca) is relatively immobile in plants.
- Disorders such as blossom end rot in tomatoes and tip burn in lettuce and brassicas are caused by Calcium (Ca) deficiency.
Calcium (Ca)
Info Graphic
Calcium (Ca) deficiency (celery)
* ‘Blackheart’ – the death of the growing point - in 13 week old plant that has received no Calcium (Ca) for one month.
Calcium (Ca)
- Leaves from affected plant contained 0.22% Calcium (Ca).
- Normal plant contained 0.92% Calcium (Ca).
Calcium (Ca)
Info Graphic
Calcium (Ca) deficiency (tomato)
* Blossom end rot
Calcium (Ca)
- Affected fruit contains less than 0.08% Calcium (Ca).
- Normal fruit contains 0.12 to 0.25% Calcium (Ca).
Calcium (Ca)
Question
Why is Magnesium (Mg) required in plants?
Magnesium (Mg)
- Reduced growth, as the efficiency of photosynthesis is reduced.
- Constituent of chlorophyll, important in protein synthesis.
- Magnesium (Mg) is mobile in plants, so deficiency will show in older leaves first.
- Interveinal chlorosis (yellowing between the veins, sometimes becoming brown and ‘scorched’).
- Found in Epsom salts and Dolomitic limestone.
Magnesium (Mg)
Info Graphic
Magnesium (Mg) deficiency (tomato)
Magnesium (Mg)
- Excess magnesium can interfere with calcium uptake, causing necrotic spots in older leaves and browning of small veins in older leaves.
Magnesium (Mg)
Question
What is important about Sulfur (S) in plants?
Sulfur (S)
- Sulfur is important in the production of proteins.
- It is also involved in enzyme activity.
Sulfur (S)
Question
Sulfur (S) deficiency is rare. What are some symptoms of it?
Sulfur (S)
- Symptoms include yellow or yellow-green leaves and stunted growth.
- Can be confused with nitrogen deficiency symptoms.
Sulfur (S)
Question
Sulfur (S) deficiency is rare. What are some symptoms of it?
Sulfur (S)
- Symptoms include yellow or yellow-green leaves and stunted growth.
- Can be confused with nitrogen deficiency symptoms.
Yellow-green leaf in top is deficient in Sulfur.
Sulfur (S)
What are the Trace Elements?
Name some micronutrients.
Trace Elements
Trace Elements
* Iron (Fe) (sometimes included with the macronutrients)
* Manganese (Mn)
* Copper (Cu)
* Boron (B)
* Zinc (Zn)
* Molybdenum (Mo)
IMCBZM
Trace Elements
Question
The requirement for Iron (Fe) in plants is relatively high. What are they?
Trace Elements
Iron (Fe)
* Iron has a role in chlorophyll formation and also in some enzyme reactions.
* Young leaves are particularly affected by iron deficiency, becoming yellowed.
* Iron (Fe) deficiency can be caused by high pH, or by damage to root tips which prevent the plant taking up iron.
Trace Elements
Question
What are three things in particular about Manganese (Mn) in plants?
Trace Elements
Manganese (Mn)
* Important in enzyme reactions and is associated with the chlorophyll molecule.
* Manganese (Mn) deficiency causes mottling of leaves.
* Manganese (Mn) toxicity can occur in waterlogged soils or acidic soils.
Trace Elements
Question
What are three things in particular about Copper (Cu) in plants?
Trace Elements
Copper (Cu)
* Required for photosynthesis and enzyme activity.
* Deficiency can occur in light, leached soils.
* Symptoms include restricted growth, wilting of young leaves and delayed flowering.
Trace Elements
Question
Why is Boron (B) important in plants?
Trace Elements
Boron (B)
* Involved in carbohydrate metabolism and also has a role in the absorption of calcium.
Trace Elements
Question
What are symptoms of plants deficient in Boron (B) ?
Trace Elements
Boron (B)
* Plants deficient in boron may lose their apical shoot. Other symptoms include marginal yellowing of leaves.
Trace Elements
Question
What is a source of Boron (B) ?
Trace Elements
Boron (B)
* Boron (B) can be added in the form of solubor or borax.
* The difference between a normal and a high level of boron is small, so it is possible to overcorrect a deficiency.
* Toxicity symptoms : necrotic spots on leaf tips/edges, eventually marginal scorch.
Trace Elements
Question
What is the importance of Zinc (Zn) in plants?
Trace Elements
Zinc (Zn)
* Zinc (Zn) is important in enzyme activity and chlorophyll formation.
* It also has a role in the metabolism of phosphorus, so a plant that is deficient in Zinc (Zn) may show signs of Phosphorous (P) deficiency.
Trace Elements
Question
What are symptoms of Zinc (Zn) deficiency?
Trace Elements
Zinc (Zn)
* Zinc (Zn) deficiency symptoms include stunted growth, with thickened and sometimes reddened veins.
* Toxicity: noted in lettuce growing under a Zinc galvanised gutter in a glasshouse – symptoms include paleness and stunted growth.
Trace Elements
Question
What is the importance of Moybdenum (Mo) in plants?
Trace Elements
Moybdenum (Mo)
* Molybdenum (Mo) is involved in the metabolism of nitrogen and in the formation of chlorophyll.
* Deficiency symptoms include reduced growth (related to nitrogen deficiency), whiptail in cauliflower (abnormally narrow leaves).
* Molybdenum (Mo) deficiency can occur where soil pH is low.
Trace Elements
