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Rad Interpretation > LO 5-6 > Flashcards

LO 5-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the lamina dura

A

Appears as a dense radiopaque line in healthy teeth

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2
Q

Describe the alveolar crest

A
  1. It is about 1.5 to 2 mm apical to the CEJ of adjacent healthy teeth
  2. In anterior teeth, the alveolar crest is pointed and sharp and appears to be very radiopaque
  3. In posterior teeth, the alveolar crest appears flat and smooth, and parallel to a line between adjacent cementoenamel junctions
  4. It appears a little less radiopaque than in anterior teeth
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3
Q

Describe the periodontal ligament space

A
  1. Appears as a thin radiolucent line between the root of the teeth and the lamina dura
  2. It is continuous around the root structure and of uniform thickness in healthy teeth
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4
Q

Describe periodontal disease

A
  1. A group of diseases that affect the tissue around teeth
  2. May range from superficial inflammation of gingiva to destruction of supporting bone and periodontal ligament
  3. The gingiva appears swollen, red, and bleeding, with soft tissue pocket formation
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5
Q

How does periodontal disease appear on radiographs?

A
  1. The alveolar crest appears indistinct
  2. Bone loss is seen
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6
Q

Why does detection of periodontal disease require both clinical and radiographic examination?

A
  1. The clinical examination provides information about soft tissue
  2. The radiographic examination provides information about bone
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7
Q

What must the clinical examination include?

A
  1. Should include evaluation of soft tissue for signs of inflammation such as redness, bleeding, swelling, pus
  2. A thorough clinical assessment must include periodontal probing
  3. Must be performed by the dentist and dental hygienist
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8
Q

Describe the radiographic examination

A
  1. Provide an overview of the amount of bone present
  2. Indicate the pattern, distribution, and severity of bone loss
  3. The periapical radiograph is the film of choice for the evaluation of periodontal disease
  4. The paralleling technique is the preferred periapical exposure method for demonstrating anatomic features of periodontal disease
  5. Bisected periapical films may appear to show less bone loss than is actually present
  6. The horizontal bite-wing has limited value in the detection of periodontal disease
  7. Severe interproximal bone loss cannot be adequately visualized on horizontal bite-wing radiographs
  8. The vertical bite-wing can be used to examine bone levels
  9. The panoramic film has little diagnostic value in the detection of periodontal disease
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9
Q

What are the shortcomings of the radiographic examination?

A
  1. Radiographs alone cannot be used to diagnose periodontal disease
  2. They do not provide information about the condition of soft tissue or early bone changes
  3. They are two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional objects
  4. Buccal and lingual areas may be difficult to evaluate
  5. Bone loss may be difficult to detect in furcation areas
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10
Q

All radiographs should be evaluated for bone loss and examined for _________

A

other predisposing factors that may contribute to periodontal disease

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11
Q

Describe bone loss on radiographs

A
  1. Can be estimated as the difference between the physiologic bone level and the height of remaining bone
  2. Can be described in terms of pattern, distribution, severity of bone loss
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12
Q

Describe pattern of bone loss

A
  1. Described as either horizontal or vertical
  2. Horizontal bone loss - The loss occurs in a plane parallel to the CEJs of adjacent teeth
  3. Vertical bone loss - The loss does not occur in a plane parallel to the CEJs of adjacent teeth
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13
Q

Describe distribution of bone loss

A
  1. Described as localized or generalized
  2. Localized - Occurs in isolated areas (less than 30%)
  3. Generalized - Occurs evenly throughout the dental arches
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14
Q

Describe severity of bone loss

A
  1. Can be classified as slight, moderate, or severe
  2. Slight/initial bone loss: crestal changes, up to 15%
  3. Moderate bone loss: bone loss of 15% to 33%
  4. Severe bone loss: mid third (1/3) of the root and/or more apical
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15
Q

What are the 2018 AAP classifications of periodontal disease

A
  1. Periodontal Health/Gingival Diseases & Conditions
  2. Periodontitis
  3. Other conditions affecting the Periodontium
  4. Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions
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16
Q

What are the 4 stages of periodontitis based on severity?

A
  1. Stage I: Slight/Initial periodontitis
  2. Stage II: Moderate periodontitis
  3. Stage III: Severe periodontitis with potential for additional tooth loss
  4. Stage IV: Severe periodontitis with potential for loss of the dentition
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17
Q

Describe stage 1 periodontitis

A
  1. Radiographic bone less than 15% - (coronal third)
  2. Mostly horizontal bone loss
  3. No tooth loss due to periodontitis
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18
Q

Describe stage 2 periodontitis

A
  1. 15 – 33% bone loss (coronal third)
  2. mostly horizontal bone loss
  3. no tooth loss due to periodontitis
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19
Q

Describe stage 3 periodontitis

A
  1. extending to mid- third of the root or beyond
  2. vertical bone loss 3mm or greater
  3. 4 or less teeth lost due to periodontitis
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20
Q

Describe stage 4 periodontitis

A
  1. Extending to mid- third of the root or beyond
  2. Vertical bone loss 3mm or greater
  3. 5 or more teeth lost due to periodontitis
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21
Q

What is the importance of predisposing factors to periodontal disease?

A
  1. Predisposing factors and local irritants may contribute to periodontal disease
  2. Elimination of these factors is important in the management and treatment of periodontal disease
  3. Radiographs aid in detection of irritants such as Calculus and Defective restorations
22
Q

Describe calculus

A
  1. Results from the mineralization of plaque
  2. Appears white or light on a dental radiograph
  3. Most often appears as a pointed or irregular radiopaque projection extending from proximal root surfaces
  4. May also appear as a Ringlike opacity, A nodular radiographic projection, A smooth opacity on a root surface
23
Q

Describe defective restorations

A
  1. Faulty restorations may act as food traps and lead to the accumulation of food debris and bacteria
  2. They may be detected both clinically and radiographically
  3. Radiographs may allow identification of restorations with Open or light contacts, Poor contour, Uneven marginal ridges, Overhangs, Inadequate margins
24
Q

Describe radiographic changes caused by trauma

A
  1. An injury produced by an external force
  2. May affect the crowns and roots of teeth as well as alveolar bone
  3. May result in injuries of teeth and bone and injuries such as intrusion, extrusion, and avulsion
25
Q

Describe fractures

A
  1. May affect the crowns and roots of teeth or the bones of the maxilla or mandible
  2. Includes - Crown fractures, Root fractures, Jaw fractures
26
Q

Describe crown fractures

A
  1. Most often involve anterior teeth.
  2. May involve enamel, dentin, and/or pulp
  3. Treatment depends on the extent of the damage
  4. The radiograph permits evaluation of the proximity of the damage to the pulp chamber and for evaluation of the root for any additional fractures
27
Q

Describe root fractures

A
  1. Most often occur in the maxillary central region
  2. May be vertical or horizontal, single or multiple
  3. If the x-ray beam is parallel to the plane of the fracture, it will appear as a radiolucent line
  4. If the x-ray beam is not parallel to the plane of the fracture, it may not be apparent at all
28
Q

Describe jaw fractures

A
  1. Most often observed in the mandible
  2. The panoramic radiograph is the best film for visualizing mandibular fractures
  3. appears as a radiolucent band
  4. Maxillary fractures are typically difficult to detect on dental radiograph
29
Q

Trauma may cause the displacement of teeth. Displacement involves ________ and ________

A
  1. luxation
  2. avulsion
30
Q

Describe luxation

A
  1. The abnormal displacement of teeth
  2. Intrusion is the abnormal displacement of teeth into bone
  3. Extrusion is the abnormal displacement of teeth out of bone
31
Q

Describe avulsion

A
  1. The complete displacement of a tooth from alveolar bone (due to trauma)
  2. The periapical radiograph shows a tooth socket without a tooth
  3. Tooth has a small chance of being re-implanted - can be carried to emergency dentist in mouth, cup of spit, or cup of milk
32
Q

What are the 2 types of radiographic changes caused by resorption?

A
  1. Physiologic Resorption
  2. Pathologic Resorption (external or internal)
33
Q

Describe physiologic resorption

A

A process seen with the normal shedding of primary teeth

34
Q

Describe pathologic resorption

A
  1. A regressive alteration of tooth structure observed when a tooth is subjected to abnormal stimuli
  2. May be external or internal resorption
35
Q

Describe external resorption

A
  1. Seen along the periphery of the root surface
  2. Often associated with reimplanted teeth, abnormal mechanical forces, trauma, chronic inflammation, tumors and cysts, impacted teeth, or idiopathic causes
  3. Most often involves the apices of teeth
  4. The apical region appears blunted
  5. The length of the root is shorter than normal
36
Q

Describe internal resorption

A
  1. Occurs within the crown or root of a tooth
  2. Involves the pulp chamber, pulp canals, and surrounding dentin
  3. Precipitated by factors such as trauma, pulp capping, and pulp polyps
  4. Appears as a round-to-ovoid radiolucency in the midcrown or midroot portion of the tooth
  5. Endodontic therapy is recommended if perforation has not occurred
37
Q

Describe Radiographic Features of
Pulpal Lesions

A
  1. Examination of the pulp chambers and canals is impossible without dental radiographs
  2. Radiographs may detect conditions such as Pulpal Sclerosis, Pulpal Obliteration, Pulp Stones
38
Q

Describe pulpal sclerosis

A
  1. A diffuse calcification of the pulp chamber and pulp canals of teeth
  2. Results in a pulp cavity of reduced size
  3. Associated with aging
  4. Of little clinical significance unless endodontic therapy is indicated
39
Q

Describe pulpal obliteration

A
  1. The production of secondary dentin may obliterate the pulp chamber
  2. These teeth are nonvital and do not require treatment
40
Q

Describe pulp stones

A
  1. Calcifications found in the pulp chamber or pulp canals
  2. Appear on radiographs as round, ovoid, or cylindrical radiopacities
  3. May vary in shape, size, and number
  4. Do not cause symptoms
  5. Do not require treatment
41
Q

List common periapical radiolucencies

A
  1. Periapical granuloma
  2. Periapical cyst
  3. Periapical abscess
42
Q

List common periapical radiopacities

A
  1. Condensing osteitis
  2. Sclerotic bone
  3. Hypercementosis
43
Q

Periapical granulomas, cysts, and abscesses are commonly seen on dental radiographs, but _________

A

These lesions cannot be diagnosed on their radiographic appearance alone

*Diagnosis is based on clinical features and radiographic and microscopic appearance

44
Q

Describe periapical granulomas

A
  1. A localized mass of chronically inflamed granulation tissue at the apex of a nonvital tooth
  2. The most common sequela of pulpitis
  3. May give rise to a cyst or to an abscess
  4. Treatment is either endodontic therapy or removal of the tooth with curettage of the apical region
  5. On radiograph it appears as a widened periodontal ligament space at the root apex
45
Q

Describe periapical cysts

A
  1. A lesion that develops over a long period
  2. Results from cystic degeneration of the periapical granuloma
  3. The most common of all tooth-related cysts
  4. Typically asymptomatic
  5. Treatment is either endodontic therapy or extraction with curettage of the apical region
  6. Tooth is nonvital
46
Q

Describe periapical abscess

A
  1. A localized collection of pus in the periapical region of a tooth
  2. Acute - Painful, nonvital; sensitive to pressure, percussion, and heat; May not appear on radiographs
  3. Chronic - Usually asymptomatic; pus drains through bone or the periodontal ligament space - Appears as a round or ovoid apical radiolucency
47
Q

Are common radiopacities associated with vital or nonvital teeth?

A
  1. Condensing osteitis - nonvital
  2. Sclerotic bone - vital (typically)
  3. Hypercementosis - vital (typically)
48
Q

Describe condensing osteitis

A
  1. A well-defined radiopacity
  2. Seen below the apex of a tooth with a history of long-standing pulpitis
  3. May vary in shape and size; does not appear to be attached to the tooth root
  4. The most common periapical radiopacity
    observed in adults; most commonly in the mandibular third molar
49
Q

Describe Sclerotic Bone

A
  1. A well-defined radiopacity seen below the apices of vital, noncarious teeth
  2. Unknown cause
  3. Not attached to the tooth
  4. Varies in size and shape
  5. Margins may be smooth or irregular and diffuse
  6. Asymptomatic
50
Q

Describe Hypercementosis

A
  1. The excess deposition of cementum on root surfaces
  2. May result from supereruption, inflammation, or trauma
  3. Most often affects the apical area, which appears enlarged and bulbous
  4. Affected teeth are vital and do not require treatment

Rad Interpretation (3 decks)

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