LO 1 Flashcards
What are the 3 parts of a grape?
Skin
Pulp
Seeds and stems
Skin of grapes is responsible for:
Color, tannins, flavors
Pulp of grapes is responsible for:
Sugar, acid, water, flavor
Seems and stems contain:
High levels of tannin.
Vines need:
Warmth, sunlight, CO2, water, nutrients
1st stage of grape formation:
Flowering
Stages of grape ripening:
Flowering, fruit set, veraison
What is veraison?
When grapes begin to lose their green color. White grapes become golden and black grapes become red and purple
Ripeness of grapes:
Unripe, ripe, extra ripe
As grapes ripen, they lose _____ and gain ______.
Acidity, sugar
Extra ripening:
Accumulate higher sugar levels. Then can turn to raisins as water evaporates and sugar and acid concentrates. Commonly used to make sweet wines.
Northern hemisphere growing time:
April- October
Southern Hemisphere growing time:
October- April
Avg temp for “cool” climate
62 degrees
Ave temp for “moderate” climate
65 degrees
Avg temp for “warm” climate
70 degrees
Most vineyards are grown between how many degrees of the equator
30 and 50 degrees
Higher altitude vineyard means what type of climate
Cooler
Vineyards close to the ocean benefit how?
Warmer climates benefit from cooler breeze. Cooler climates can benefit from warmer ocean breeze
Why are rivers beneficial by vineyards
Take longer to warm and cool the land. Can provide warmth in cooler areas, help protecting from frost. Can reflect sunlight to help grapes ripen.
Slopes facing the equator
Receive more heat and light. Produce riper grapes
What season are vines typically pruned
Winter
Why are vines pruned
To make sure they retain shape, and allow viable crop and harvest in the upcoming year
What does high yields of grapes mean
Diluted flavor and lower level of sugar
Early harvest grape characteristics:
Less sugar
Higher acid
Less- ripe flavor
Late harvest grape characteristics:
High sugar
Low acid
Riper flavors
What is a GI:
Legally defined vineyards area. Can be large like an entire country or very small like a singular vineyard.
GI in EU:
More strict. Where grapes are grown, which grapes and grown and how wines should be made
GI in EU subdivision
PDO
PGI
GI outside EU
Less strict. Used to indicate where grapes are grown to make the wine. Winemakers are free to grow whatever grapes they feel would be most successful in thag region. More variation
PDO:
Protected Designation of Origin: small area. Tight regulations. Many of europes most famous and prestigious wines are classified as PDO
PGI:
Protected Geographical Indication.
Wider area and less strict than PDO. More flexibility. Can be varied, high volume, inexpensive or low volume very expensive.
France PGI
AOC
AOP
France PDO
IGP
Italy PGI
DOC
DOCG
Italy PGI
IGT
Spain PDO
DO
DOCa
Spain PGI
Vino de le Tierra
Germany PDO
Qualitatswein
Pradikatswein
Germany PGI
Landwein
Vieilles vignes meaning
Old vine. Older vines produce smaller number of grapes. Smaller crop = concentrated, complex. Can be highly prized.
Vintage
The years grapes were harvested
