LMAP notes summary cards

Question 1

what can be described as – the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states/events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems (how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why)

Answer 1

epidemiology

Question 2

Occurrences during the 4 Demographic Transitions

• Pre-
• Early
• Late
• Post-

Answer 2

1. Pre - Pestilence and Famine
2. Early - Receding Pandemics
3. Late - Degenerative and Man-Made Disease
4. Post - Delayed Degenerative Disease and Emerging infections (e.g. COVID)

Question 3

Exposure definition

Answer 3

the variable being tried to associate with a change in health status
- Can be a drug/behaviour/demographic characteristic etc.

Question 4

Outcome definition

Answer 4

the associated change in health status

Example: drug X (the exposure) and test its association on mortality at five-years (the outcome)

Question 5

what is primary clinical and population level intervention?

Answer 5

preventing disease through control of exposure to risk factors -> before disease onset

Question 6

what is secondary clinical and population level intervention?

Answer 6

– the application of available measures to detect early departures from health and to introduce appropriate treatment and interventions -> slows progression

Question 7

what is tertiary clinical and population level intervention?

Answer 7

– the application of measures to reduce/eliminate long term impairments and disabilities, minimising suffering caused by existing departures from good health and to promote the patients adjustments to their condition
-> enables return to function

Question 8

Features of pestilence and famine

Answer 8

Urbanisation
Food supply constraints
High birth rate + mortality
Low life expectancy at birth

Question 9

Features of Receding Pandemics

Answer 9

Agricultural development improves nutrition
Increased life expectancy
Water, sanitation, hygiene
Vaccination
High birth rate → reduced mortality

Question 10

Features of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases

Answer 10

Lifestyle factors and NCDs predominate
Environment drives obesity/other risk factors
Technology →less need for physical labour
Addiction, violence etc.

Question 11

Feature of delayed degenerative diseases and emerging infections

Answer 11

Health tech lowers morbidity but at financial cost
Emerging zoonotic disease
Inequalities within and between countries