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ANS 452 Exam 1 > LM3 > Flashcards

LM3 Flashcards

1
Q

List the flow of sperm through the major organs of the male reproductive tract of the bull

A
  • Testes
  • Seminferous tubules
  • Rete testes
  • Efferent Ducts
  • Epididymis
  • Vas Deferens
  • Ampulla
  • Pelvic urethra
  • Penile urethra
  • Glans Penis
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2
Q

Describe the seminiferous tubules of the bull

A
  • Contains sertoli cells and germ cells

* Leydig cells exist on the outside of the ST and produce T

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3
Q

Describe the Rete testes of the bull

A

Connect ST to efferent ducts

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4
Q

Describe the efferent ducts of the bull

A

Connect rete testes to epididymis

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5
Q

Describe the epididymis of the bull

A
  • Caput (head)
  • Corpus (body)
  • Cauda (tail)
  • Sperm mature here for 10 days
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6
Q

Where is sperm stored in the bull epididymis prior to ejaculation

A

Cauda epididymis

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7
Q

Describe the Vas Deferens of the bull

A
  • Sperm pass through as bull prepares to ejacultae via peristaltic contractions
  • Connects cauda epididymis to pelvic urethra via the ampulla
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8
Q

Describe the ampulla of the bull

A
  • Broadening of the vas deferens

* Has muscle coat for peristaltic contractions

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9
Q

Where is the penile urethra housed?

A

In the sheath

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10
Q

Describe the glans penis of the bull

A
  • Has fibroelastic penis with sigmoid flexure in sheath

* Semen exits here

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11
Q

What are the accessory sex glands of the bull

A
  • Seminal Vesicles
  • Prostate
  • Bulbourethral gland
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12
Q

Describe the seminal vesicles of the bull

A
  • Located above the pelvic urethra

* Secrete fluid to add to seminal volume

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13
Q

Describe the prostate of the bull

A
  • Lays on pelvic urethra

* Secretes fluid to add to seminal volume

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14
Q

Describe the Bulbourethral gland of the bull

A
  • Distal to the prostate

* Secretes fluid to clean out the tract

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15
Q

List the major organs found in the male Opossum reproductive tract

A
  • 2 testes
  • Epididymis
  • 2 Vas Deferens
  • Bladder/ureters
  • Urethra
  • Glans penis
  • Accessory Sex Glands
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16
Q

Describe the urethra of the male opossum

A
  • Pelvic is located behind the prostate

* Penile ends in the glans penis

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17
Q

Describe the glans penis of the male opossum

A

*Bifurcated due to female having a didelphic uterus and vagina

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18
Q

What are the accessory sex glands of the male opossum

A
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate
  • Bulbourethral gland
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19
Q

What are the major organs of the rooster reproductive tract

A
  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Vas Deferens
  • Cloaca
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20
Q

Describe the testes of the rooster

A
  • Inside body cavity closely associated with the kidneys

* Both are functional

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21
Q

Describe the epididymis of the rooster

A

Very short

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22
Q

Describe the Vas Deferens of the rooster

A
  • runs along each side of the aorta

* Adjacent to ureters

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23
Q

Describe the cloaca of the rooster

A
  • Exit for semen and urates
  • lymph fold releases fluids to add to seminal volume
  • A longitudinal groove forms upon erection of the phallus
  • No intermission: cloacal kiss
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24
Q

List the urogenital organs of male amphibians

A
  • Fat body
  • Testes
  • Efferent ducts
  • Kidney
  • Adrenal gland
  • Ampulla
  • Cloaca
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25
Q

Describe the fat body of amphibians

A

Lays on anterior portion of gonad

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26
Q

Describe the efferent ducts of amphibians

A
  • connects to renal tissue

* Sperm travel through to renal tissue

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27
Q

Describe the adrenal gland of amphibians

A

*Closely associated with the kidney

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28
Q

Describe the ampulla of amphibians

A
  • Sperm enter here from renal tissue
  • Extensive within tree frog and is associated with the entire kidney
  • Used for sperm storage
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29
Q

Describe the cloaca of amphibians

A

Sperm exit here upon ejaculation

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30
Q

list the major organs of the male basking shark reproductive tract

A
  • Testes
  • Efferent Ducts
  • Epididymis
  • Leydig gland
  • Kidney
  • Ampulla
  • Urogenital sinus
  • Urogenital papilla
  • Cloaca
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31
Q

Describe the leydig gland of basking sharks

A
  • Produces seminal fluids
  • No testosterone production
  • Proximal to kidney, behind ampulla
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32
Q

Where is the kidney located in the male basking shark

A

behind ampulla

33
Q

describe the ampulla of basking sharks

A

used for sperm storage

34
Q

List the major organs of the male indian catfish reproductive tract

A
  • Lobulated testes
  • loobulated seminal vesicles
  • Spermatic duct
  • Urogenital papilla
  • Cloaca
35
Q

What is the copulatory organ of the Poecilids

A

Gonopodium

36
Q

what fish use internal feritilization

A

*Poecilids (mollies, guppies, platys, and swords)

37
Q

Describe the gonopodium

A
  • A modified anal fin
  • when it becomes erect, it forms a cup/tube for semen deposition through rotation
  • Enters the female vent via the cloaca
38
Q

Describe what occurs during spermatocytogenesis in mammals

A
  • each division is a mitotic division
  • 1 A1 spermatogonia produces 2 A2
  • Each A2 produces 2 A3s
  • Each A3 produces 2 A4s
39
Q

Describe B spermatogonia in mammals

A
  • last mitotic division

* Products enter meiosis (1° spermatocytes)

40
Q

What type of division does 1° spermatocytes undergo

A

Meiosis 1

41
Q

What type of division does 2° spermatocytes undergo

A

Meiosis 2

42
Q

Describe round spermatids in mammals

A
  • Haploid
  • Completed meiosis in spermatogenesis
  • Undergo spermiogenesis (elongation)
43
Q

describe spermatozoa in mammals

A
  • Elongated

* Haploid

44
Q

What are residual bodies

A

Residual cytoplasm sloughed off during spermiogenesis

45
Q

List the types of 1° spermatocytes in mammals

A
  • Preleptatine
  • Leptatine
  • Zygotine
  • Pachytine (P1)
  • Pachytine (Pv)
  • pachytine (Px)
46
Q

What stage is the longest in the seminiferous tubules and why?

A
  • Pachytine

* Crossing over occurs here

47
Q

What is the DNA content of spermatogonia?

A
  • 2C

* Diploid

48
Q

What is the DNA content of 1° spermatocytes

A
  • 4C

* Double diploid

49
Q

What is the DNA content of 2° spermatocytes

A

*2C

50
Q

What is the DNA content of spermatids

A

*1C

51
Q

What is the DNA content of spermatozoa

A

*1C

52
Q

What cell types are found in stage 1 of the ST?

A
  • A spermatogonia
  • Intermediate spermatogonia
  • Pachytine spermatocytes
  • 1 & 13 spermatid
53
Q

What cell types are found in stage 2 of the ST?

A
  • A spermatogonia
  • Intermediate spermatogonia
  • Pachytine spermatocytes
  • 2 & 13 spermatids
54
Q

What cell types are found in stage 3 of the ST?

A
  • A spermatogonia
  • Intermediate spermatogonia
  • Pachytine spermatocytes
  • 3 and 13 spermatids
55
Q

What cell types are found in stage 4 of the ST?

A
  • A spermatogonia
  • Intermediate spermatogonia
  • Pachytine spermatocytes
  • 4 & 14 spermatids
56
Q

What cell types are found in stage 5 of the ST?

A
  • A spermatogonia
  • B spermatogonia
  • Pachytine spermatocytes
  • 5 & 14 spermatids
57
Q

What cell types are found in stage 6 of the ST?

A
  • A spermatogonia
  • B spermatogonia
  • Pachytine spermatocytes
  • 6 & 14 spermatids
58
Q

What cell types are found in stage 7 of the ST?

A
  • A spermatogonia
  • B spermatogonia
  • Pachytine spermatocytes
  • 7 spermatids
59
Q

What cell types are found in stage 8 of the ST?

A
  • A spermatogonia
  • Preleptatine spermatocytes
  • Pachytine spermatocytes
  • 8 spermatids
60
Q

What cell types are found in stage 9 of the ST?

A
  • A spermatogonia
  • Leptatine spermatocytes
  • Pachytine spermatocytes
  • 9 spermatids
61
Q

What cell types are found in stage 10 of the ST?

A
  • A spermatogonia
  • Zygotine spermatocytes
  • Pachytine spermatocytes
  • 10 spermatids
62
Q

What cell types are found in stage 11 of the ST?

A
  • A spermatogonia
  • Zygotine spermatocytes
  • Pachytine spermatocytes
  • 11 spermatids
63
Q

What cell types are found in stage 12 of the ST?

A
  • A spermatogonia
  • Zygotine spermatogonia
  • 2° spermatocytes
  • 12 spermatids
64
Q

What are the phases of spermiogenesis

A
  • Golgi phase
  • Cap phase
  • Acrosome phase
  • Maturation phase
65
Q

Describe the Golgi phase of spermiogenesis

A
  • Involves spermatids 1-3

* Golgi body w/in round spermatid secretes acrosomal enzymes which are deposited in the membranes

66
Q

Describe the Cap phase of spermiogenesis

A
  • Involves spermatids 4-7

* Membranes coalesce to form the developing acrosome

67
Q

Describe the Acrosome phase of spermiogenesis

A
  • Involves spermatids 8-12
  • Acrosome continues maturing
  • Flagella begins to grow
68
Q

Describe the maturation phase of spermiogenesis

A
  • Involves spermatids 13-14
  • Cytoplasm is taken off the head of the sperm and deposited along the midpiece
  • Mitochondira are developed and in place
  • Acrosomal cap is completely matured
69
Q

Describe the cycles of mammalian spermatogenesis

A

Stages of sperm maturation in a single cross section of the seminiferous tubules over a period of time

70
Q

Describe the waves of mammalian spermatogenesis

A

Looking across the physical structure of the seminiferous tubules at one point in time and seeing the different cycles

71
Q

What is the advantage of the cycles and waves of mammalian spermatogenesis

A

constant sperm production

72
Q

Describe, in general, type 2 spermatogenesis

A
  • Birds and mammals use this type
  • Cycles and waves
  • Constant sperm production
73
Q

Describe, in general, type 1 spermatogenesis

A
  • Fish and amphibians use this type
  • Germ cell clones present in cysts
  • Spermatogenesis occurs within tubules or lobes
  • ‘Cycles’ occur w/in the cyst with no ‘cellular associations’
74
Q

What are the 2 types of testicular organization in type 1 spermatogenesis

A
  • Acinar testis

* Tubular testis

75
Q

Describe type 1 spermatogenesis within the Acinar testicular organization

A
  • Tubule has cysts arranged longitudinally w/spermatogonia at the outside end
  • As cyst matures, it moves down toward the efferent duct
  • Sertoli cells become efferent duct cells after spermiation
  • At spermiation, spermatozeugmata are released and travel to the vas deferens
76
Q

Describe type 1 spermatogenesis within the tubular testical organization

A
  • Intertwined seminiferous tubules connect to the vas deferens
  • Spermatocytes located within the tubules each at different stages
  • As cysts spermiate, sperm go into the lumen of the vas deferens (no epididymis)
  • Leydig cells surround the tubules
77
Q

Describe spermatogenesis in the Dogfish

A
  • A0 stem cell is associated with follicle cells and divides mitotically
  • Mitotic spermatogonia continue to divide and so do the follicle cells, forming the cyst
  • After the 3rd mitotic division, there are 3 spermatogonia and several follicle cells
  • During the 13 cycles of mitosis, the follicle cells migrate toward the center of the cyst
  • During meiosis, follicle cells migrate toward the outer edge of he cysts
  • The mature spermatozoa undergo spermiation
78
Q

What role do follicle cells play in spermatogenesis in the Dogfish?

A
  • Help to form the cyst

* Act similarly to Sertoli cells by supporting the developing germ cells

79
Q

Describe Spermatogenesis in the shark

A
  • in the seminiferous follicle there are spermatogonium and follicle cells
  • Individual proliferation of spermatogonium and follicle cells occur
  • Follicle cells engulf spermatogonium, and they undergo mitosis while the follicle cells migrate
  • 1° spermatocytes undergo meiosis 1
  • 2° spermatocytes undergo meiosis 2
  • Round spermatids undero spermiogenesis
  • Spermiation occurs
  • Cysts degenerate

ANS 452 Exam 1 (5 decks)

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