LM3 Flashcards
1
Q
List the flow of sperm through the major organs of the male reproductive tract of the bull
A
- Testes
- Seminferous tubules
- Rete testes
- Efferent Ducts
- Epididymis
- Vas Deferens
- Ampulla
- Pelvic urethra
- Penile urethra
- Glans Penis
2
Q
Describe the seminiferous tubules of the bull
A
- Contains sertoli cells and germ cells
* Leydig cells exist on the outside of the ST and produce T
3
Q
Describe the Rete testes of the bull
A
Connect ST to efferent ducts
4
Q
Describe the efferent ducts of the bull
A
Connect rete testes to epididymis
5
Q
Describe the epididymis of the bull
A
- Caput (head)
- Corpus (body)
- Cauda (tail)
- Sperm mature here for 10 days
6
Q
Where is sperm stored in the bull epididymis prior to ejaculation
A
Cauda epididymis
7
Q
Describe the Vas Deferens of the bull
A
- Sperm pass through as bull prepares to ejacultae via peristaltic contractions
- Connects cauda epididymis to pelvic urethra via the ampulla
8
Q
Describe the ampulla of the bull
A
- Broadening of the vas deferens
* Has muscle coat for peristaltic contractions
9
Q
Where is the penile urethra housed?
A
In the sheath
10
Q
Describe the glans penis of the bull
A
- Has fibroelastic penis with sigmoid flexure in sheath
* Semen exits here
11
Q
What are the accessory sex glands of the bull
A
- Seminal Vesicles
- Prostate
- Bulbourethral gland
12
Q
Describe the seminal vesicles of the bull
A
- Located above the pelvic urethra
* Secrete fluid to add to seminal volume
13
Q
Describe the prostate of the bull
A
- Lays on pelvic urethra
* Secretes fluid to add to seminal volume
14
Q
Describe the Bulbourethral gland of the bull
A
- Distal to the prostate
* Secretes fluid to clean out the tract
15
Q
List the major organs found in the male Opossum reproductive tract
A
- 2 testes
- Epididymis
- 2 Vas Deferens
- Bladder/ureters
- Urethra
- Glans penis
- Accessory Sex Glands
16
Q
Describe the urethra of the male opossum
A
- Pelvic is located behind the prostate
* Penile ends in the glans penis
17
Q
Describe the glans penis of the male opossum
A
*Bifurcated due to female having a didelphic uterus and vagina
18
Q
What are the accessory sex glands of the male opossum
A
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate
- Bulbourethral gland
19
Q
What are the major organs of the rooster reproductive tract
A
- Testes
- Epididymis
- Vas Deferens
- Cloaca
20
Q
Describe the testes of the rooster
A
- Inside body cavity closely associated with the kidneys
* Both are functional
21
Q
Describe the epididymis of the rooster
A
Very short
22
Q
Describe the Vas Deferens of the rooster
A
- runs along each side of the aorta
* Adjacent to ureters
23
Q
Describe the cloaca of the rooster
A
- Exit for semen and urates
- lymph fold releases fluids to add to seminal volume
- A longitudinal groove forms upon erection of the phallus
- No intermission: cloacal kiss
24
Q
List the urogenital organs of male amphibians
A
- Fat body
- Testes
- Efferent ducts
- Kidney
- Adrenal gland
- Ampulla
- Cloaca
25
Describe the fat body of amphibians
Lays on anterior portion of gonad
26
Describe the efferent ducts of amphibians
* connects to renal tissue
| * Sperm travel through to renal tissue
27
Describe the adrenal gland of amphibians
*Closely associated with the kidney
28
Describe the ampulla of amphibians
* Sperm enter here from renal tissue
* Extensive within tree frog and is associated with the entire kidney
* Used for sperm storage
29
Describe the cloaca of amphibians
Sperm exit here upon ejaculation
30
list the major organs of the male basking shark reproductive tract
* Testes
* Efferent Ducts
* Epididymis
* Leydig gland
* Kidney
* Ampulla
* Urogenital sinus
* Urogenital papilla
* Cloaca
31
Describe the leydig gland of basking sharks
* Produces seminal fluids
* No testosterone production
* Proximal to kidney, behind ampulla
32
Where is the kidney located in the male basking shark
behind ampulla
33
describe the ampulla of basking sharks
used for sperm storage
34
List the major organs of the male indian catfish reproductive tract
* Lobulated testes
* loobulated seminal vesicles
* Spermatic duct
* Urogenital papilla
* Cloaca
35
What is the copulatory organ of the Poecilids
Gonopodium
36
what fish use internal feritilization
*Poecilids (mollies, guppies, platys, and swords)
37
Describe the gonopodium
* A modified anal fin
* when it becomes erect, it forms a cup/tube for semen deposition through rotation
* Enters the female vent via the cloaca
38
Describe what occurs during spermatocytogenesis in mammals
* each division is a mitotic division
* 1 A1 spermatogonia produces 2 A2
* Each A2 produces 2 A3s
* Each A3 produces 2 A4s
39
Describe B spermatogonia in mammals
* last mitotic division
| * Products enter meiosis (1° spermatocytes)
40
What type of division does 1° spermatocytes undergo
Meiosis 1
41
What type of division does 2° spermatocytes undergo
Meiosis 2
42
Describe round spermatids in mammals
* Haploid
* Completed meiosis in spermatogenesis
* Undergo spermiogenesis (elongation)
43
describe spermatozoa in mammals
* Elongated
| * Haploid
44
What are residual bodies
Residual cytoplasm sloughed off during spermiogenesis
45
List the types of 1° spermatocytes in mammals
* Preleptatine
* Leptatine
* Zygotine
* Pachytine (P1)
* Pachytine (Pv)
* pachytine (Px)
46
What stage is the longest in the seminiferous tubules and why?
* Pachytine
| * Crossing over occurs here
47
What is the DNA content of spermatogonia?
* 2C
| * Diploid
48
What is the DNA content of 1° spermatocytes
* 4C
| * Double diploid
49
What is the DNA content of 2° spermatocytes
*2C
50
What is the DNA content of spermatids
*1C
51
What is the DNA content of spermatozoa
*1C
52
What cell types are found in stage 1 of the ST?
* A spermatogonia
* Intermediate spermatogonia
* Pachytine spermatocytes
* 1 & 13 spermatid
53
What cell types are found in stage 2 of the ST?
* A spermatogonia
* Intermediate spermatogonia
* Pachytine spermatocytes
* 2 & 13 spermatids
54
What cell types are found in stage 3 of the ST?
* A spermatogonia
* Intermediate spermatogonia
* Pachytine spermatocytes
* 3 and 13 spermatids
55
What cell types are found in stage 4 of the ST?
* A spermatogonia
* Intermediate spermatogonia
* Pachytine spermatocytes
* 4 & 14 spermatids
56
What cell types are found in stage 5 of the ST?
* A spermatogonia
* B spermatogonia
* Pachytine spermatocytes
* 5 & 14 spermatids
57
What cell types are found in stage 6 of the ST?
* A spermatogonia
* B spermatogonia
* Pachytine spermatocytes
* 6 & 14 spermatids
58
What cell types are found in stage 7 of the ST?
* A spermatogonia
* B spermatogonia
* Pachytine spermatocytes
* 7 spermatids
59
What cell types are found in stage 8 of the ST?
* A spermatogonia
* Preleptatine spermatocytes
* Pachytine spermatocytes
* 8 spermatids
60
What cell types are found in stage 9 of the ST?
* A spermatogonia
* Leptatine spermatocytes
* Pachytine spermatocytes
* 9 spermatids
61
What cell types are found in stage 10 of the ST?
* A spermatogonia
* Zygotine spermatocytes
* Pachytine spermatocytes
* 10 spermatids
62
What cell types are found in stage 11 of the ST?
* A spermatogonia
* Zygotine spermatocytes
* Pachytine spermatocytes
* 11 spermatids
63
What cell types are found in stage 12 of the ST?
* A spermatogonia
* Zygotine spermatogonia
* 2° spermatocytes
* 12 spermatids
64
What are the phases of spermiogenesis
* Golgi phase
* Cap phase
* Acrosome phase
* Maturation phase
65
Describe the Golgi phase of spermiogenesis
* Involves spermatids 1-3
| * Golgi body w/in round spermatid secretes acrosomal enzymes which are deposited in the membranes
66
Describe the Cap phase of spermiogenesis
* Involves spermatids 4-7
| * Membranes coalesce to form the developing acrosome
67
Describe the Acrosome phase of spermiogenesis
* Involves spermatids 8-12
* Acrosome continues maturing
* Flagella begins to grow
68
Describe the maturation phase of spermiogenesis
* Involves spermatids 13-14
* Cytoplasm is taken off the head of the sperm and deposited along the midpiece
* Mitochondira are developed and in place
* Acrosomal cap is completely matured
69
Describe the cycles of mammalian spermatogenesis
Stages of sperm maturation in a single cross section of the seminiferous tubules over a period of time
70
Describe the waves of mammalian spermatogenesis
Looking across the physical structure of the seminiferous tubules at one point in time and seeing the different cycles
71
What is the advantage of the cycles and waves of mammalian spermatogenesis
constant sperm production
72
Describe, in general, type 2 spermatogenesis
* Birds and mammals use this type
* Cycles and waves
* Constant sperm production
73
Describe, in general, type 1 spermatogenesis
* Fish and amphibians use this type
* Germ cell clones present in cysts
* Spermatogenesis occurs within tubules or lobes
* 'Cycles' occur w/in the cyst with no 'cellular associations'
74
What are the 2 types of testicular organization in type 1 spermatogenesis
* Acinar testis
| * Tubular testis
75
Describe type 1 spermatogenesis within the Acinar testicular organization
* Tubule has cysts arranged longitudinally w/spermatogonia at the outside end
* As cyst matures, it moves down toward the efferent duct
* Sertoli cells become efferent duct cells after spermiation
* At spermiation, spermatozeugmata are released and travel to the vas deferens
76
Describe type 1 spermatogenesis within the tubular testical organization
* Intertwined seminiferous tubules connect to the vas deferens
* Spermatocytes located within the tubules each at different stages
* As cysts spermiate, sperm go into the lumen of the vas deferens (no epididymis)
* Leydig cells surround the tubules
77
Describe spermatogenesis in the Dogfish
* A0 stem cell is associated with follicle cells and divides mitotically
* Mitotic spermatogonia continue to divide and so do the follicle cells, forming the cyst
* After the 3rd mitotic division, there are 3 spermatogonia and several follicle cells
* During the 13 cycles of mitosis, the follicle cells migrate toward the center of the cyst
* During meiosis, follicle cells migrate toward the outer edge of he cysts
* The mature spermatozoa undergo spermiation
78
What role do follicle cells play in spermatogenesis in the Dogfish?
* Help to form the cyst
| * Act similarly to Sertoli cells by supporting the developing germ cells
79
Describe Spermatogenesis in the shark
* in the seminiferous follicle there are spermatogonium and follicle cells
* Individual proliferation of spermatogonium and follicle cells occur
* Follicle cells engulf spermatogonium, and they undergo mitosis while the follicle cells migrate
* 1° spermatocytes undergo meiosis 1
* 2° spermatocytes undergo meiosis 2
* Round spermatids undero spermiogenesis
* Spermiation occurs
* Cysts degenerate
