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ANS 452 Exam 1 > LM2 > Flashcards

LM2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe how to determine the sex of a box turtle

A
  • Male: Back toes are thicker and highly curved

* Female: Back toes are thinner and straighter

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2
Q

Describe the genetic sex of mammals

A
  • XX, XY
  • Sex ratio of 1:1
  • Males: heterogametic sex
  • Females: Homogametic sex
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3
Q

Describe the genetic sex of avians

A
  • ZZ, ZW
  • Female: heterogametic sex
  • Male: Homogametic sex
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4
Q

How is sex determined in crocodilians and turtles?

A

Temperature

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5
Q

Describe the effect of temperature on sex in american alligators

A
  • Deviated sex ratio of 8M:1F
  • High temps=males
  • Low temps=females
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6
Q

Describe the effects on sex by temperature of painted turtles

A
  • Incubation temp of 25C= 79%M and 21% Unknown

* Incubation temp of 30.5C= 80%F and 20% Unknown

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7
Q

What incubation temps result in predominantly female snapping turtles?

A
  • 20C
  • 22C
  • 30C
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8
Q

What incubation temps result in predominantly male snapping turtles?

A
  • 24C
  • 26C
  • 28C
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9
Q

What are the 5 modes of reproduction

A
  • Sexual Reproduction
  • Parthenogenesis
  • Gynogenesis
  • Hybridogenesis
  • Interconversion of Sexual Types
  • Hermaphrodism
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10
Q

Describe sexual reproduction

A
  • 2 haploid (C) gametes (X and Y)

* Gametes fuse creating a new diploid individual

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11
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • Genetic recombination

* Hybrid vigor resulting in increased fitness

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12
Q

What animals participate in Pathenogenesis

A
  • Bonnethead Shark

* Marbled crayfish

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13
Q

Describe Parthenogenesis

A
  • Non-sexual reproduction: fully inbred line
  • Oocyte at metaphase 2 undergoes self-activation
  • Karyokinesis without cytokinesis
  • OR can undergo non-disjunction at metaphase 2 (ctyochalasin B)
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14
Q

What are the advantages of Parthenogenesis

A

All members of the population reproduce (female)

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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of Parthenogenesis

A
  • Less hybrid vigor

* More sensitive to environmental changes

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16
Q

What species utilize Gynogenesis

A

Some Poecilia (guppy) species

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17
Q

Describe gynogenesis

A
  • Sex method: XX=Female, highly inbred line
  • A.K.A sperm activated parthenogenesis
  • Sperm DNA doesn’t participate-binds egg but doesn’t enter
  • Live bearers w/internal fertilization
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18
Q

What are the advantages of gynogenesis

A
  • Population expands rapidly (all are able to reproduce)

* Males: some other species can activate the females

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19
Q

What species participate in hybridogenesis

A

Some Poecilia (guppy) species

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20
Q

Describe hybridogenesis

A
  • Sexual reproduction producing only females
  • Live bearers
  • Sex method: ZW=Female, ZZ=male (other species)
  • Eggs are always the W gamete, sperm DNA to polar body
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21
Q

What are the advantages of hybridogenesis

A
  • All female population so all can reproduce
  • Sexual reproduction increases hybrid vigor in zygote
  • Subordinate males of other species can get breeding practice
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22
Q

What species participate in Interconversion of sexual types

A

Bluehead wrasse (coral reef fish)

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23
Q

Describe the breeding group of interconversion of sexual types

A
  • Dominant male: large and highly colored so suspect to predation
  • Size heirarchy dominance w/in females of the group
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24
Q

Describe what occurs upon loss of the dominant male in interconversion of sexual types

A
  • Largest female becomes next male
  • 0hr- male removed
  • +2hr-largest female exhibits aggressive behavior
  • +2-4d-largest female exhibits male sexual behavior
  • +14-18d-largest female now a true breeding male
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25
Q

What species utilizes hermaphrodism

A

Angler fish is an ‘acquired’ true hermaphrodite

26
Q

Describe hermaphrodism of the angler fish

A
  • Sexual reproduction from one individual
  • 2 sets of reproductive organs
  • 2 separate orifices
  • external fertilization
  • Up to 6 males can be absorbed into the female’s body and is referred to as a multiple hermaphrodite
27
Q

What is XXX referred to as and how does this affect fertility

A
  • Superfemale

* fertile

28
Q

What is XO referred to as and how does this affect fertility

A
  • Turner’s syndrome

* Sterile

29
Q

What is XXY referred to as and how does this affect fertility

A
  • Klinfelter’s syndrome

* Sterile

30
Q

What is XYY referred to as and how does this affect fertility

A
  • Supermale

* fertile

31
Q

What is XX with testis referred to as and how does this affect fertility and how does it occur

A
  • Sex reversed male
  • Fertile
  • An X chromosome carries a small piece of the Y chromosome via non-disjunction
32
Q

Where are Barr bodies present?

A

All somatic cells

33
Q

How many barr bodies does an XX female have

A

1

34
Q

How many barr bodies does an XXX female have

A

2

35
Q

How many barr bodies does an XY male have

A

none

36
Q

How many barr bodies does an XXY male have

A

1

37
Q

When did Sry History begin?

A

Karyotyping in 1959

38
Q

What happened in 1966 in relation to discovering Sry?

A

Sex-reversed identified in mice

39
Q

What happened in 1986 in relation to discovering Sry?

A
  • Molecular biology techniques (cut part of the Y chromosome with restriction enzymes)
  • YP1 identified as the 1st portion of the chromosome underneath the pseudoautosomal pairing region (pairs with X chromosome in meiosis)
  • Determined YP1 was always present in phenotypically male individuals
40
Q

What happened in 1987 in relation to discovering Sry?

A
  • A gene of the YP1 was isolated and designated as Zfy

* Zfy s a transcrition factor with a zinc-finger region

41
Q

What happened in 1989 in relation to discovering Sry?

A
  • Sry identified and noted as present in all sex-reversed individuals
  • Determined Sry was the sex determining region on the Y chromosome
  • It was determined that Sry is 250bp long, has no introns, and codes a protein that is only 80aa long
  • It was also determined that Sry is a transcription factor
42
Q

What happened in 1990 in relation to discovering Sry?

A

*Sry determined to be the testis-determining factor in mammals

43
Q

What happened in 1991 in relation to discovering Sry?

A
  • Generation of transgenic XX-Sry male mice
  • Mouse zygotes were injected with the Sry gene adn transferred to a recipient
  • Male pups were analyzed via karyotyping and PCR and they found XXSry males that were fertile
44
Q

Describe the 3 general factors of Sry mechanism of action

A
  • Acts as a transcription factor
  • Induces sertoli cell differentiation
  • Leads to testis formation
45
Q

Describe the general Sry mechanism of action in males

A
  • Sry activates Sox9
  • This causes sertoli cell differentiation
  • This also causes Fgf9 to block Rspo1/Wnt4 which blocks female pathway
46
Q

Describe the general Sry mechanism of in females

A
  • Respondin 1 blocks Sox9 to block sertoli cell differentiation
  • High Rspo1 and Wnt4 cause pre-granulosa cell differentiation
47
Q

When does Sry expression peak in gestation in mice

A

day 11.5

48
Q

Describe how Sry activates Sox 9 and the effects of its activation

A
  • Sry is moved to the nucleus via Ca-Calmodulin and Impß
  • Sry binds to DNA to turn on Sox9 expression
  • Sox 9 continues to induce its own expression resulting in sertoli cell differenctiation
  • This leads to AMH production and T production
  • Sox9 continues the actions of Sry to promote complete testicular development
49
Q

Describe primordial germ cell origin and migration

A
  • PCGs originate from yolk sac endoderm
  • They migrate to genital ridges in developing embryo
  • They will become either spermatogonia or oogonia dependent upon sex determination factors
50
Q

Describe incorrect PCG Migration

A
  • Degeneration occurs if PCGs are not associated with the support cells
  • Males need sertoli cells
  • Females need pre-granulosa cells
51
Q

Describe the reproductive tract development of Mammals

A
  • Male: Wolffian Ducts androgen dependent and MIH (or AMH) is required to regress the Mullerian Ducts
  • Female: Mullerian ducts (no androgens or MIH)
52
Q

Describe reproductive tract development in aves

A
  • Wolffian ducts in both males and females and are not androgen dependent
  • Female left ovary and left Mullerian duct only because E2 causes the right MD to regress
53
Q

Describe reproductive tract development in reptiles and fish

A
  • Wolffian ducts in both males and females and is not androgen dependent
  • Males: Mullerian ducts regress due to androgens
  • Females: Plasticity of tract potential, once become male can’t revert back to female however
54
Q

What is the intrauterine position phenomenon

A

Refers to intrauterine position relative to sex of siblings and its affects (found in mice)

55
Q

What type of IUP has the following effects:

  • Elevated E2 production
  • Short anogential distance at birth
  • Attracted to males
  • Strong behavior response (lordosis)
  • Low female aggression
  • 4 day estrous cycle
  • early onset puberty
A

0M Female

56
Q

What type of IUP has the following effects:

  • Elevated T production
  • Longer anogential distance at birth
  • Less attracted to males
  • Low lordosis
  • High female aggression
  • 5-6 day estrous cycle
  • Late puberty
A

2M female

57
Q

What are the effects of IUP on the first litter of both 0M females and 2M females

A
  • 0M female: 42% males

* 2M female: 59% males

58
Q

What are the effects of IUP on the second litter of both 0M and 2M females?

A
  • 0M female: 45% males

* 2M female: 53% males

59
Q

Describe the methods of the maternal stress exeperiment

A
  • Pregnant female mice underwent stress or control dyas 12-17 of gestation
  • Stress was to have lights turned on, removal from cage, held in small restraining chamber for 45min twice daily
  • AGI was measured in female offspring at C-section
  • Estrous cycle of 0M vs 2M offspring was measured after they reached puberty
60
Q

What were the results of the maternal stress experiment and what are the implications of this

A
  • 0M had significantly longer AGI and longer estrous cycle
  • Maternal stress masculinizes 0M female offspring
  • Differentiation and reproductive characteristics can be modified by the intrauterine environment

ANS 452 Exam 1 (5 decks)

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