LM 8.6: Reportable Diseases Flashcards
do states have to report information to the CDC?
the CDC receives case notifications from 57 reporting jurisdictions
each state has laws requiring certain diseases be reported at the state level, but it is voluntary for states to provide information or notifications to CDC at the federal level
the notifiable diseases data voluntarily shared by these 57 jurisdictions represents only a portion of the public health surveillance data that jurisdictions collect and use to make decisions and conduct public health activities in their communities (e.g., outbreak detection and control)
does a reportable disease have to be reported?
it is MANDATORY that reportable disease cases be reported to state and territorial jurisdictions when identified by a health provider, hospital, or laboratory
this type of required reporting uses personal identifiers and enables the states to identify cases where immediate disease control and prevention is needed
are reportable diseases the same in all states?
no
each state has its own laws and regulations defining what diseases are reportable
the list of reportable diseases varies among states and over time
do notifiable diseases have to be reported?
no, it is voluntary to report to the CDC and direct personal identifiers don’t have to be used
regular, frequent, timely information on individual cases is considered necessary to monitor disease trends, identify populations or geographic areas at high risk, formulate and assess prevention and control strategies, and formulate public health policies
do all states have the same notifiable diseases?
no
it varies over time and by state
every national notifiable disease is not necessarily reportable in each state
in addition, addition, not every state reportable condition is nationally notifiable
what is public surveillance?
ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation and disseminate of data regarding a health event for use in public health action to reduce morbidity and mortality and to improve health
what types of conditions are looked at by public surveillance?
- infectious diseases
- chronic diseases
- injury
- vector distribution
- environmental hazards
what is the information from public surveillance used for?
- characterizing patterns of disease
- detecting epidemics
- further investigations
- research
- disease control programs
- setting priorities
- evolution
what are the elements of public surveillance?
- way to detect and notify about health events
- collect and store data
- analysis and interpretation of information
- people must take action
what is passive surveillance?
routine reporting of health data
examples:
1. notifiable diseases
- disease registries (births, deaths, etc.)
- hospital data (chronic diseases, etc)
generally inexpensive and can be used to provide baseline data and monitor trends of disease or intervention
what is the limitation of passive surveillance?
under-reporting like if there’s asymptomatic illness of lack of access to hospitals or logistical issues with reporting diseases
there’s a lot of variation in passive surveillance systems in different countries
what is active surveillance?
health data is actively sought out
commonly used during outbreaks
examples:
1. serosurveillance; testing blooding in specific populations to test for blood markers
- health surveys
- active case finding
provides more complete and quality data but is more resource extensive
what is sentinel surveillance?
uses selected institutions of groups to provide data on specific diseases or conditions
good for monitoring diseases, trends or detect outbreaks
however, it’s unable to detect diseases outside their institution so it’s not useful for rare conditions
what is rumor surveillance?
relies on unofficial sources of information like blogs, media, hearsay or social media
can alert authorities to incidences that require further investigation and can lead to detection of early disease outbreak
what is syndromic surveillance?
monitor nonspecific symptoms like fever, respiratory or GI illness, medicine purchase or absenteeism
early identification before diagnosis!
relies on automated electronic methods
what are characteristics of a good surveillance system?
- clearly stated objectives
- simplicity
- flexible
- quality data that’s complete and accurate
- accepted by others
- sensitivity and positive predictive value
- validity
- accurate representativeness
- timeliness
- stability
- routine evaluation of system so that we know they’re meeting objectives and functioning for public health
providing information for action!!
what are class A diseases?
disease of major public health concern because of the severity of disease or potential for epidemic spread
report immediately via phone upon recognition the aa case, a suspected case or positive laboratory result exists
ex. anthrax. botulism, diphtheria, influenza etc.
what are class B diseases?
disease of public health concern needing timely response because of potential for epidemic spread
report by the end of the next business day after the existence of a case, a suspected case or positive laboratory result is know
ex. west nile, zika, campylobacter, mumps
what is a class C disease?
report an outbreak, unusual incident or epidemic of other diseases by the end of the next business day
what does it mean if a case is immediately notifiable and extremely urgent?
call the CDC Emergency Operations Center (EOC) at 770.488.7100 within 4 hours of a case meeting the notification criteria, followed by submission of an electronic case notification to CDC by the next business day
what does it mean if a case is immediately notifiable and urgent?
call the CDC EOC at 770.488.7100 within 24 hours of a case meeting the notification criteria, followed by submission of an electronic case notification in next regularly scheduled electronic transmission
what does it mean if a case is routinely notifiable?
submit electronic case notification within the next reporting cycle
what is the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report?
MMWR series is prepared by the CDC and is the CDC’s primary route for scientific publication of timely, reliable, authoritative, accurate , objective and useful public health information and recommendations
MMWR readership predominantly consists of physicians, nurses, public health practitioners, epidemiologists and other scientists, researchers, educators, and laboratorians
data in the weekly MMWR are provisional, based on weekly reports to CDC by state health departments
is someone has HIV and doesn’t want to tell their BF. what is the most appropriate immediate action to take?
notifty the CDC
HIV is a reportable disease?
what are the reportable diseases?
Hepatits A Hepatits B Hepatitis C HIV Syphilis Gonorrhea Measles Mumps Rubella Chicken Pox Tuberculosis Salmonella Shigella
A,B,C and HIV, syphilis and gonorrée, MMR, chicken pox, TB test your patient’s socks, salmonella, shigella too, report this shit is what you should do! (tune of ABC)
