Lizzie - psych - Flashcards
What are the stages of Cross’ Nigrescence Model of African-American development?
Cross’s Nigrescence Model: 1. Pre-encounter: African-American’s tend to view majority caucasians as more desirable or skilled; 2. Encounter: Individual realizes/recognizes that they are outside or excluded from the majority 3. Immersion-Emersion: African-American’s tend to view Caucasians with distrust and would rather interact with someone of their own race; 4. Internalization: An African-American integrates their own culture with majority culture and work to rectify past injustices (Internalization/Commitment)
What is attrition bias?
Attrition bias occurs when participants drop out or withdraw from a long term study.
What is the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?
The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion involves a physiological response, which leads to a cognitive appraisal of that response, which leads to a feeling of emotion.
When would an individual experience cognitive dissonance?
Cognitive dissonance is the unpleasant feeling when one is holding two contradictory beliefs at the same time.
What is the Stroop effect?
The Stroop effect describes a phenomenon in which is is harder for an individual to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than to reconcile similar pieces of information. This occurs when the word “red” is written in yellow ink.
What racial variations within and between social classes would point to race being a social construct? Which would point to there being a biological component in race perception?
If race was completely a social construct, then there would be much greater variation in race between social classes than within social classes. If there is greater variation in race within social classes than between social classes, then there is at least some biological component in the perception of race.
What is the key difference between prejudice and discrimination?
Prejudice is an preconceived notion about an individual or group that the person holding the prejudice encounters. Discrimination is an action, often negative, that is the result of the prejudice that an individual holds
What are the four types of conflict?
Double approach avoidant conflict: two options with both appealing and negative characteristics; Approach-approach conflicts: two options are both appealing; Avoidant-avoidant conflicts: two options are both unappealing; Approach-avoidant conflict: when one option has both positive and negative aspects
What are Cialdini’s 6 Principles of Persuasion? Which one does not apply when one posseses a minority opinion?
Cialdini’s 6 Principles of Persuasion: Reciprocity, Commitment & Consistency, Social Proof, Liking, Authority, and Scarcity; however, scarcity is not desirable in an opinion situation
How does the fantasy factor of motivation manifest itself? What are some other factors of motivation?
The fantasy factor of motivation manifests itself as mental images that stimulat a person to behave to achieve a specific fantasy. Other factors of motivation are curiosity, competition and control.
What is the valence aspect of expectancy theory?
Valence is a variable in expectancy theory and refers to the value that a person sets on the reinforcements or rewards they will receive. These values are usually based on an individua’sl values, needs, goals, and sources of motivation.
What is the opponent process theory of motivation? How does this related to addiction behavior?
The opponent process theory of motivation states that at least some processes or actions promote opposite physiological responses. This is often the process which leads to resistance/tolerance of a drug and therefore to addiction.
What behaviors can impact attitude? What is justification of effort?
Public declarations (the person making the statement begins to agree with it more), role-playing, and justification of effort can all impact attitude. Justification of effort is our tendence to justify a decision or behavior if we have already put work or energy into it.
What is a secondary gain for an individual in therapy?
A secondary gain is a benefit a patient incurs from continuing to present with their issues.
What is the dispositional theory of personality? What is the social cognitive theory of personality?
Dispositional theory (or trait theory) is an approach to studying personality which is primarily interested in the measurement of habitual traits, which would be relative stable over time, differ across individuals, and influence behavior. The social cognitive theory explains how people acquire and maintain certain behaviors, and provides baseline intervention strategies.
Is autism more common in males or females, or equally common in both?
Autism is roughly five times more common in males than females.
What is a somatic disorder?
A somatic disorder is a psychological disorder characterized by physical sympoms that cause significant stress to the patient but have no clear physical cause (ex: conversion disorder)
What is false consciousness (Marx)?
False consciousness is an idea from Marxism that refers to ideology dominated the consciousness of exploited groups and classes which, at the same time, justifies and perpeturares that exploitation. Causes the exploited group to see who is exploiting them as an ally rather than what they really are.
If A and B have a relationship and B and C have a relationship can you determine if A and C have a relationship?
If A and B have a positive relationship, and B and C have a positive relationship, further analysis is still required to determine if A and C have a relationship.
What is a crowd? A mob?
A crowd is a group of people in a single location that is united by a shared purpose (nonviolent). A mob is a crowd with violent intentions.
What is an effect of dopamine usage?
Dopamine leads to a sense of euphoria
What often causes groupthink? What could help mitigate its effects?
Groupthink is often prompted by a pressure to reach a consensus and therefore stifle dissent. Therefore, cretaing a group norm to to encourage dissent and critical evaluation would help counteract gorupthink.
What is escape learning?
Escape learning is when an individual learns to perform a certain action in order to avoid/terminate a certain stimulus
What is the effect of Alzheimer’s disease on certain brain proteins?
Alzheimer’s disease leads to a build up of beta-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles proteins in certain brain regions.
What occurs during cognitive behavioral therapy?
Cognitive behavioral therapy first addresses negative behavior with behavior therapy to systematically alter a person’s behavior. Then, there are sessions to foster cognitive change through self-assessments.
What do strucural functionalists believe?
(Structural) functionalists believe that most social actions have both manifest, or intended, functions and latent, or unintended, functions. They believe both of these functions are necessary for social stability.
