Lizzie - bio - Flashcards
Is it possible for a cancer treatment to have different effects on different cell lines of the same type of tissue?
Even within the same tissue type, different cell lines can respond very differently to certain cancer therapies.
Do changes within the gene that regulates known gene-repair mechanisms have an effect on an individual’s chance of developing cancer?
Having a certain allele for the gene regulating gene-repair mechanisms can effect the repair mechanism’s efficacy in correcting mutations, therefore effecting an individual’s chance of developing cancer
What is the most effective method for sterilizing lab equipment and how does it work?
Autoclaving is the most effective and reliable method for sterilizing equipment, as it brings contents to over 120 degrees C and 2 atm, which would kill almost anything.
In which direction do proteins with low pI values migrate during gel electrophoresis? Proteins with high pI values?
In gel electrophoresis, proteins with low pI values migrate to the positive electrode (low pH), and proteins with high pI values migrate to the negative electrode (high pH).
What residues can be added or removed in order to lower the pI point of a protein?
In order to lower the pI point of a protein, basic residues must be removed or acidic residues must be added.
What types of muscles require troponin for contraction?
Troponin is required for muscle contraction of both skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles.
Does elevated CK2 levels, indicated cardiac damage, and elevated CK3 levels, indicating cardiac damage or skeletal muscle damage, provide enough evidence to diagnose cardiac damage?
Since elevated CK2 levels indicate cardiac damage, if CK2 levels are elevated, it rules out skeletal muscle damage as the issue for a patient. If a test result is explained by only one certain phenomena, it provides ample evidence to make a diagnosis.
Is hydration across a double bond a redox reaction?
The hydration of a double bond results in no NET redox reaction for the molecule, because the formation of a C-O bond is oxidation and the conversion of an alkene to an alkane results in a reduction.
What radioactively labeled compound is tracked and used to detect cancer cells in a PET scan, and why?
PET scans track glucose’s movement thorugh the bloodstream because cancer cells utilize a higher rate of glycolysis than normal cells, so seeing where glucose is moving in the body allows cancer cells to be identified.
Are hydrophobic or hydrophilic molecules more suited to traveling throughout the bloodstream?
Highly nonpolar, aromatic molecules are very hydrophobic, and thus do not travel well throughout the bloodstream.
Would low lactate levels within a cancer cells indicate effective or ineffective cancer treatment?
Cancer cells rely heavily on glycolysis and fermentation, and if either of these processes decreased, lactate within the cell would also decrease. This lower lactate level would indictae successful cancer treatment.
What effect does increasing cholesterol within a membrane have on its rigidity?
Increasing cholesterol increases the rigidity of membranes at normal to high temperatures.
What are the sizes of a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic ribosome? What subunits compose each?
Eukaryotic ribosomes are composed of a 40S and a 60S subunit, and are overall 80S. Prokaryotic ribosomes are composed of a 30S and a 50S subunit, and are overall 70S.
How can you differentiate between symbols for genes and proteins?
In general, symbols for genes are italicized, whereas symbols for proteins are not.
Where are ribosomes found in a eukaryotic cell?
In a eukaryotic cell, ribosomes are found on the endoplasmic reticulum.
Which organelles in a eukaryotic cell have a double membrane?
In a eukaryotic cell, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, and the nucleus.
What is the pKa of an amino group?
The pKa of an amino group is approximately 9
What are the reactants and products of the Gabriel synthesis? What is the last step when usd to form an amino acid?
The Gabriel synthesis transforms primary alkyl halides into primary amines, and has an SN2 mechanism. The last step of a Gabriel synthesis of an amino acid is the administration of heat to decarboxylate the molecule.
What is anterograde traffic?
Anterograde traffic occurs when vesicles leave the ER with newly bound protein cargo, and immediately bind to the Golgi apparatus for further modification.
What environment can be found in the lumen of a lysosome? What process occurs here?
Lysosomes are involved in the catabolism of proteins. Their acidic lumen facilitiates peptide bond hydrolysis with acid proteases.
What type of proteins are synthesized in the lumen of the rough ER? What is the environment of the lumen of the rough ER?
Because transmembrane proteins and secreted proteins are synthesized in the lumen of the rough ER, it must have an environment similar to that of the extracellular environment.
How large are gap junctions? What sorts of biological compounds can pass through?
Gap junctions are not large enough to allow for the passage of macromolecules, so the only sorts of things that can pass through include small particles like ions.
What is important to define when reading an experimental passage for the first time?
When looking at an experimental passage, it is important to determine what the IV, DVs, and controls are.
What is important to define when reading an experimental passage with multiple experiments?
When reading an expeirmental passage with multiple experiments, define the goal and outcome of each experiment individually, not just the passage overall?
What are two possible substrates for hexokinase?
Glucose and galactose can both be substrates for hexokinase.
What is a Hill coefficient?
The Hill coefficient points to potential cooperativity of an enzyme, and a Hill coefficient greater than one reflects positive cooperativity.
What is a cofactor? A coenzyme? A prosthetic group? An apoenzyme?
A cofactor is an inorganic molecule required for an enzyme to perform its enzymatic activity. A coenzyme is specifically an organic cofactor. A prosthetic group is a cofactor that is tightly bonded to its enzyme. An apoenzyme is an enzyme without its required cofactor(s).
What happens to a molecule’s bioavailability when its metabolism is inhibited?
When an molecule’s metabolic enzymes are inhibited, its bioavailability increases.
What is important to look at when determining concentration from a logarithmic graph?
When interpreting a log graph, be sure to reference each axis to best determine which the concentration of a molecule that is present
What is one key difference between actin and microtubules? What are three key similarities?
Actin filaments can be assembled into a branch pattern, while microtubules cannot. Both actin and microtbules are components of the cytoskeleton of cells, have strucural polarity (assymmetric subunits), and are assembled from nucleotide bound subunits.
What process is aided by cleavage furrow formation? What sort of motor protein is used for this process?
Cleavage furrow formation aids in the process of cytokinesis and occurs due to the contraction of an array of actin filaments, which requires myosin.
What time of protein are cadherins?
Cadherins are cell adhesion proteins that comprise adherens junctions, which help connect cells to each other. Therefore, cadherins extend through the membrane of a cell and out into the surrounding environment, making them a type of transmembrane protein.
Which direction does retrograde transport occur in? Anterograde transport?
Retrograde transport is movement towards the center of the cell (negative direction). Anterograde transport is movement towards the periphery of the cell (positive direction)
How are G protein-coupled receptors activated? How are they inactivated?
G protein-coupled receptors operate by activating the G protein when a GDP molecule is exchanged for a new GTP molecule, and inactivating the G protein through the hydrolysis of GTP.
