Living World Flashcards
Study of living organisms
Biology
Story of life on earth
Biology
Story of evolution of living organisms on earth
Biology
Living organisms differ from non-living things by
Living organisms have certain unique characters like metabolism , consciousness , etc.
All living organisms are made of
Cells
Living organisms are
Self-replicating , evolving , self-regulating and interactive systems capable of responding to external stimuli.
Twin characteristics of growth
Increase in mass , increase in number of individual.
in plants , growth is seen
throughout there life-span
in animals , growth is seen
only up to certain age.
however , cell division occurs in certain tissue to replace the lost cells.
growth in non-living things is
external , by accumulation of material on surface
growth in living beings is
internal
is growth defining feature of living organisms
no
Reproduction refers to
Production of progeny possessing features more or less similar to those of parents.
in sexual reproduction
2 parent are there , who produce sperm and egg cells containing half of their genetic material , there cells fuse to forma new individual with a full genetic set. this process is called fertilization.
fungi multiply and spread easily due to
millions of asexual spores they produce
asexual reproduction in yeast and hydra
budding
in Planaria ( flat worms )
we observe true regeneration, i.e., a fragmented organism regenerates the lost part of its body and becomes, a new organism.
fungi, the filamentous algae, the protonema of mosses,
all easily multiply by fragmentation
In unicellular organisms like bacteria, unicellular algae or Amoeba
reproduction is synonymous with growth, i.e., increase in number of cells.
We have already defined growth as equivalent to increase in cell number or mass.
organisms which do not reproduce
mules , sterile worker bees , infertile human couple.
is reproduction defining feature of living organisms
no
Conversions of biomolecules in our body is called
Metabolic reactions or Chemical reaction
all living organisms are Made of
Chemicals
Define Metabolism
sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in our body.
Isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are
Not living things but surly living reactions.
Is metabolism defining feature of all living organisms
Yes without exception
Metabolism can be subdivided into
Anabolism and catabolism
Anabolism means
Reaction where complex molecules breakdown and form simple once.
Catabolism means
Conversion of complex molecules into simple once
Energy is consumed in
Anabolic reactions
Energy producing reactions are
catabolic reactions
Consciousness
Ability to sense their surrounding environment
animals sense their environment by
Sense organs
Sense organs are
the specialized organs composed of sensory neurons, which help us to perceive and respond to our surroundings.
sense organs in humans
There are five sense organs in humans – eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.
Plants respond to external factors like
light, water , temperature , other organisms and pollutants.
Photoperiod affects reproduction in
seasonal breeders , both plants and animals
All organisms handle chemical entering their body , therefore are
Aware of their surroundings , has consciousness
Humans are only organisms , aware of himself
Has self-consciousness
Consciousness therefore , becomes the
Defining property of living organisms
Levels of organization in living organisms
- Sub-atomic particles
- Atoms
- Molecules
- Cellular organelles
- Cells
- Tissue
- Organs
- Organ system
- Organism
- Genus
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biomes
- Biosphere
Types of tissue in animals
Connective tissue , epithelial tissue , muscle and nervous tissue
Cellular organization of body is
Defining feature of life forms
Normal body temp in humans
37 degree Celsius , or 98.6 Fahrenheit
Living organisms regulate their internal environment to
maintain the relatively narrow range of conditions needed for cells to function
Homeostasis definition
The maintenance of stable internal environment , even in the face of changing external environment , is known as homeostasis
All basic features of living organisms are
- Growth
- reproduction
- metabolism
- Consciousness
- Cellular Organization
- Homeostasis
- Evolution
- Interaction In living organisms
Define Biodiversity
It is the term used to describe enormous Varity of life on earth.
Number of known species
1.7 - 1.8 million
Nomenclature
Naming of living organisms , so that they are known by same name all over the world
Identification is process of
describing organism correct , so that it can be named.
ICBN full form
International code for botanical Nomenclature
ICZN
International code for zoological nomenclature
2 components of scientific name
Generic name ( genus ) and specific epithet .
system of providing name with 2 components is called
Binomial nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature system was given by
Carolus Linnaeus
Biological names are generally in
Latin and written in Italics.
First word in biological name
genus
Second word in it
Species
Both words in biological name when hand written are
separately underlined
Both words in biological name when printed
in italics to indicate their Latin origin
The first word denoting the genus starts with
a capital letter
the specific epithet starts with
small letter
scientific name of mango
Mangifera indica
Define classification
the process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories based on some easily observable characters.
scientific term for these categories is
Taxa
all living organisms can be classified into different taxa
This process of classification is taxonomy.
Basis of taxonomy
characterization, identification, classification and nomenclature
word systematics is derived from
the Latin word ‘ systema ’ which means systematic arrangement of organisms
Linnaeus used ___ as a title of his publication
Systema Naturae
Father of Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus
