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living things science Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organism

A

an individual living thing that is capable of responding to stimuli,growing,reproducing, and maintaining .homeostasis.

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2
Q

tissues

A

Groups of cells that share a common structure and function within an organism.

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3
Q

organ system

A

a group of organs and tissues that works together to perform major functions of the organism.

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4
Q

types of tissues in humans

A

Epithelial, muscle, nervous and connective tissue.

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5
Q

secrete

A

to release.

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6
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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7
Q

feedback mechanisms

A

responses that trigger other activities or processes. negative or positive.

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8
Q

negative feedback

A

attempts to maintain target level, examples is blood sugar and temperatures.

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9
Q

positive feedback

A

one thing that reacts to the other. keeps increasing.

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10
Q

alteration

A

the feedback mechanism has an error

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11
Q

homeostasis

A

stable balance internal environment

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12
Q

fight or flight responses

A

bodys physiological reaction to a stressor, which causes us to fight or run away from it.

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13
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a form of reproduction from a single parent

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14
Q

sexual reproduction

A

when 2 parents produce offsprings with unique combination of genes from both parents

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15
Q

zygote

A

fertilized ovums

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16
Q

cleavage

A

multiplied zygotes cells dividing and multiplying.

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17
Q

organogenesis

A

the formation of organs.

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18
Q

genesis

A

is when something comes to life, created, or generate.

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19
Q

cell cycle

A

G1, S phase, G2, Mphase, and cytokinesis

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20
Q

G1

A

cell growth, protein synthesis, cell metabolism, prep for S phase.

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21
Q

S phase

A

Synthesis and chromosomes copying themselves using chromatids

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22
Q

G2

A

protein synthesis, further cell growth and protein needed for cell division.

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23
Q

M phase

A

mitosis (cells dividing)

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24
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm and organelles are divided evenly between 2 new cells. cells copying themselves.

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25
Q

interphase

A

cells gets ready to divide, G1 s phase and G2.

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26
Q

cell division

A

M phase and cytokinesis

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27
Q

chromosome

A

a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. found in every cell.

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28
Q

morula

A

an embryonic stage consisting of a solid, compact mass of 16 or more cells.

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29
Q

blastula

A

an embryonic stage where the embryo is a hollow ball of cells.

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30
Q

blastocyst

A

a mammalian blastula that contains 2 distinct cell lineages.

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31
Q

photons

A

tiny particles of light

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32
Q

photosynthesis

A

when plants turn sunlight into sugar.

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33
Q

autotrophs

A

self feeders

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34
Q

heterotrophs

A

other feeders

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35
Q

energy

A

ability to work

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36
Q

work

A

when a force moves an object

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37
Q

ATP

A

a chemical made by cells with the energy released by the breakdown of sugar

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38
Q

cellular respiration

A

when animals turn sugar into ATP.

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39
Q

endergonic

A

energy required for reaction.

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40
Q

ecology

A

the study of the interactions between organisms and the environment they live in.

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41
Q

environment

A

the set of conditions that surround an organism

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42
Q

population

A

all organisms in a particular geographic area that belong to the same species.

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43
Q

community

A

all plants and animals living in the same place.

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44
Q

abiotic factors

A

nonliving things

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45
Q

ecosystem

A

non living and living things in a certain area.

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46
Q

biosphere

A

includes all of the ecosystem in the planet.

47
Q

habitat

A

an area that suitable for a particular organism to live in.

48
Q

predator

A

hunts and kills other animals for food

49
Q

niche

A

the role that is played by a particular species within the ecosystems.

50
Q

density-independent factor

A

population limiting factors that are not affected by population size. many types of disease.

51
Q

interspecific competition

A

2 or more species in a communities that compete for resources.

52
Q

competitive exclusion

A

when one species outcompetes another in a part of its own habitat so well that the 2nd species is excited from that part.

53
Q

local extintion

A

when one species is outnumbered by another so effectively throughout the entire local habitat that it becomes extinct in that area.

54
Q

niche differentiation

A

when similar species with similar niches become specialists in specific areas & create more than one specific niche allows both species to coexist.

55
Q

fundamental niches

A

all of the resources that a population is theoretically capable of using.

56
Q

realized niche

A

the resources that a population actually uses.

57
Q

ecomorphs

A

populations that have recently evolved physical variation to adapt to specific microenvironments.

58
Q

warning coloration

A

bright or distinctive markings that serve as warning to would be predator. poisonous frogs, bees, etc.

59
Q

batesian mimicry

A

a type of mimicry where harmless animals mimic a dangerous or unpalatable animal.

60
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

a type of mimicry where 2 or more dangerous or unpalatable animals resemble each other.

61
Q

Coevolution

A

when 2 species evolve in a coordinated fashion by adapting to change in each other.

62
Q

symbiosis

A

a close, long term interaction between 2 different species.

63
Q

mutualism

A

types of symbiosis when 2 species are beneficial from each other.

64
Q

host

A

larger organisms in a symbiotic relationship

65
Q

symbiont

A

smaller organism in a symbiotic relationship

66
Q

parasitism

A

an association between 2 different species

67
Q

vectors

A

organisms that transmit disease causing pathogens

68
Q

commensalism

A

type of symbiosis between 2 different species where one species enjoys a benefit and the other species is not affected at all.

69
Q

amensalism

A

a type of symbiosis between 2 organisms of different species. one inhibits or kills and the other is significantly unaffected

70
Q

population density

A

the number of organisms per unit of volume or an area.

71
Q

life history

A

the sequence of events in an organisms life that relate to its survival and reproduction.

72
Q

survivorship curve

A

a graph of the number of individuals still alive at each age.

73
Q

exponential growth

A

growth of a population where the number of individuals multiplies with every success generation.

74
Q

carrying capacity

A

the max stable population size that can be sustained over a long period of time.

75
Q

logistic population growth

A

type of growth where the growth rate slows as the population reaches the max capacity.

76
Q

dispersion

A

pattern of spacing of individuals within a population like uniform and clumped

77
Q

intraspecific competition

A

competition for resources between the same within a population.

78
Q

migration

A

animal seasonal movement to get more food or better weather.

79
Q

food chain

A

a sequence of organisms that feed off of each other.

80
Q

abiotic

A

non living

81
Q

consumer

A

an organism that gets energy from other organisms.

82
Q

trophic levels

A

an organism that gets its energy from other organisms.

83
Q

food web

A

a combination of food chains that are interconnected to create a network of feeding relationships.

84
Q

detritivores

A

an organism’s that feeds on waste products or dead organic material.

85
Q

macrominerals

A

elements required by all organisms in relatively large amount

86
Q

trace elements

A

elements that are needed by organisms but only in extremely small amounts.

87
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

process of creating ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen

88
Q

nitrification

A

process by which ammonia is converted to nitrite & then to nitrate.

89
Q

denitrification

A

process by which nitrate converts into nitrogen and oxygen.

90
Q

eutrophication

A

the ecological process that occurs when excess nutrients are added to a body of water.

91
Q

acid rain

A

rain thats been made more acidic by the addition of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere.

92
Q

carbon cycle

A

describes a pathway that carbon dioxide takes through living organisms and the environment.

93
Q

habitat fragmentation

A

break an ecosystem into smaller chunks

94
Q

anthropogenic

A

the term used to describe pollution that’s caused by humans.

95
Q

biodiversity

A

variation of life different types of plants and animals.

96
Q

non renewable resources

A

resources that are not easily regenerated.

97
Q

red tide

A

harmful algae bloom

98
Q

renewable energy source

A

easily regenerated sources of energy. solar or wind.

99
Q

genome

A

the total of entire dna in a cell

100
Q

chromosomes

A

a discrete structure of DNA

101
Q

diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes.

102
Q

histones

A

proteins that help package the dna more efficiently.

103
Q

genes

A

a distinct unit of dna that can make protein or RNA. unit of information.

104
Q

repression

A

decrease in gene expression

105
Q

induction

A

increase in gene expression

106
Q

operon

A

group related genes

107
Q

central dogma

A

DNA-mRNA-Protein

108
Q

polypeptide

A

chain of amino acids

109
Q

codon

A

a series of 3 basis in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid

110
Q

stop codon

A

signal an end to the end process of gene translation

111
Q

karyotypes

A

a way to look at all your chromosomes

112
Q

alleles

A

variety of a gene

113
Q

genotypes

A

letters that show alleles for a trait.

science (5 decks)

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