living things science Flashcards
organism
an individual living thing that is capable of responding to stimuli,growing,reproducing, and maintaining .homeostasis.
tissues
Groups of cells that share a common structure and function within an organism.
organ system
a group of organs and tissues that works together to perform major functions of the organism.
types of tissues in humans
Epithelial, muscle, nervous and connective tissue.
secrete
to release.
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
feedback mechanisms
responses that trigger other activities or processes. negative or positive.
negative feedback
attempts to maintain target level, examples is blood sugar and temperatures.
positive feedback
one thing that reacts to the other. keeps increasing.
alteration
the feedback mechanism has an error
homeostasis
stable balance internal environment
fight or flight responses
bodys physiological reaction to a stressor, which causes us to fight or run away from it.
asexual reproduction
a form of reproduction from a single parent
sexual reproduction
when 2 parents produce offsprings with unique combination of genes from both parents
zygote
fertilized ovums
cleavage
multiplied zygotes cells dividing and multiplying.
organogenesis
the formation of organs.
genesis
is when something comes to life, created, or generate.
cell cycle
G1, S phase, G2, Mphase, and cytokinesis
G1
cell growth, protein synthesis, cell metabolism, prep for S phase.
S phase
Synthesis and chromosomes copying themselves using chromatids
G2
protein synthesis, further cell growth and protein needed for cell division.
M phase
mitosis (cells dividing)
cytokinesis
cytoplasm and organelles are divided evenly between 2 new cells. cells copying themselves.
interphase
cells gets ready to divide, G1 s phase and G2.
cell division
M phase and cytokinesis
chromosome
a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. found in every cell.
morula
an embryonic stage consisting of a solid, compact mass of 16 or more cells.
blastula
an embryonic stage where the embryo is a hollow ball of cells.
blastocyst
a mammalian blastula that contains 2 distinct cell lineages.
photons
tiny particles of light
photosynthesis
when plants turn sunlight into sugar.
autotrophs
self feeders
heterotrophs
other feeders
energy
ability to work
work
when a force moves an object
ATP
a chemical made by cells with the energy released by the breakdown of sugar
cellular respiration
when animals turn sugar into ATP.
endergonic
energy required for reaction.
ecology
the study of the interactions between organisms and the environment they live in.
environment
the set of conditions that surround an organism
population
all organisms in a particular geographic area that belong to the same species.
community
all plants and animals living in the same place.
abiotic factors
nonliving things
ecosystem
non living and living things in a certain area.
biosphere
includes all of the ecosystem in the planet.
habitat
an area that suitable for a particular organism to live in.
predator
hunts and kills other animals for food
niche
the role that is played by a particular species within the ecosystems.
density-independent factor
population limiting factors that are not affected by population size. many types of disease.
interspecific competition
2 or more species in a communities that compete for resources.
competitive exclusion
when one species outcompetes another in a part of its own habitat so well that the 2nd species is excited from that part.
local extintion
when one species is outnumbered by another so effectively throughout the entire local habitat that it becomes extinct in that area.
niche differentiation
when similar species with similar niches become specialists in specific areas & create more than one specific niche allows both species to coexist.
fundamental niches
all of the resources that a population is theoretically capable of using.
realized niche
the resources that a population actually uses.
ecomorphs
populations that have recently evolved physical variation to adapt to specific microenvironments.
warning coloration
bright or distinctive markings that serve as warning to would be predator. poisonous frogs, bees, etc.
batesian mimicry
a type of mimicry where harmless animals mimic a dangerous or unpalatable animal.
mullerian mimicry
a type of mimicry where 2 or more dangerous or unpalatable animals resemble each other.
Coevolution
when 2 species evolve in a coordinated fashion by adapting to change in each other.
symbiosis
a close, long term interaction between 2 different species.
mutualism
types of symbiosis when 2 species are beneficial from each other.
host
larger organisms in a symbiotic relationship
symbiont
smaller organism in a symbiotic relationship
parasitism
an association between 2 different species
vectors
organisms that transmit disease causing pathogens
commensalism
type of symbiosis between 2 different species where one species enjoys a benefit and the other species is not affected at all.
amensalism
a type of symbiosis between 2 organisms of different species. one inhibits or kills and the other is significantly unaffected
population density
the number of organisms per unit of volume or an area.
life history
the sequence of events in an organisms life that relate to its survival and reproduction.
survivorship curve
a graph of the number of individuals still alive at each age.
exponential growth
growth of a population where the number of individuals multiplies with every success generation.
carrying capacity
the max stable population size that can be sustained over a long period of time.
logistic population growth
type of growth where the growth rate slows as the population reaches the max capacity.
dispersion
pattern of spacing of individuals within a population like uniform and clumped
intraspecific competition
competition for resources between the same within a population.
migration
animal seasonal movement to get more food or better weather.
food chain
a sequence of organisms that feed off of each other.
abiotic
non living
consumer
an organism that gets energy from other organisms.
trophic levels
an organism that gets its energy from other organisms.
food web
a combination of food chains that are interconnected to create a network of feeding relationships.
detritivores
an organism’s that feeds on waste products or dead organic material.
macrominerals
elements required by all organisms in relatively large amount
trace elements
elements that are needed by organisms but only in extremely small amounts.
nitrogen fixation
process of creating ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen
nitrification
process by which ammonia is converted to nitrite & then to nitrate.
denitrification
process by which nitrate converts into nitrogen and oxygen.
eutrophication
the ecological process that occurs when excess nutrients are added to a body of water.
acid rain
rain thats been made more acidic by the addition of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere.
carbon cycle
describes a pathway that carbon dioxide takes through living organisms and the environment.
habitat fragmentation
break an ecosystem into smaller chunks
anthropogenic
the term used to describe pollution that’s caused by humans.
biodiversity
variation of life different types of plants and animals.
non renewable resources
resources that are not easily regenerated.
red tide
harmful algae bloom
renewable energy source
easily regenerated sources of energy. solar or wind.
genome
the total of entire dna in a cell
chromosomes
a discrete structure of DNA
diploid
2 sets of chromosomes.
histones
proteins that help package the dna more efficiently.
genes
a distinct unit of dna that can make protein or RNA. unit of information.
repression
decrease in gene expression
induction
increase in gene expression
operon
group related genes
central dogma
DNA-mRNA-Protein
polypeptide
chain of amino acids
codon
a series of 3 basis in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid
stop codon
signal an end to the end process of gene translation
karyotypes
a way to look at all your chromosomes
alleles
variety of a gene
genotypes
letters that show alleles for a trait.
