LIVING THINGS

Question 1

What are living things consists of?

Answer 1

cells

Question 2

Examples of living things

Answer 2

Plants and Animals

Question 3

What is the cell theory? or What is cell in general?

Answer 3

• life’s basic unit of structure and function
• smallest unit of living material

Question 4

Microscopes used to study cells and explain

Answer 4

Light Microscope
- AKA Compound Microscope
- used to study stained/living cells
- can magnify the size up to 1,000 times

Electron Microscope
- used to study detailed structure of cells
- can magnify up to 250,000 times but can only observed killed cells of specimens

Question 5

What are the types of cells and elaborate

Answer 5

Eukaryotic Cells
- contains membrane-bound structure called nucleus and cytoplasm
- filled with tiny structures called organelles
- ex. of e.c.: fungi, protists, plant cells, animal cells

Prokaryotic Cells
- a lot smaller than e.c.
- lacks both a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
- ex. of p.c.: bacteria, rickettsiae

Question 6

What is Necleoid?

Answer 6

a genetic material in the prokaryote in a continuous, circular DNA that lies free in the cell in an area

Question 7

FACTS ABT PROKARYOTES

Answer 7

• Most prokaryotes contains a cell wall that consists of peptidoglycan
• Prokaryotes may also have ribosomes, as well as a flagellum (a long fiber that helps them move)

Question 8

Organelles

Answer 8

• eukaryotic cell is like a microscopic factory. It’s filled with organells

Question 9

Plasma Membrane

Answer 9

• an outer envelope; a complex double-layered structure made up of phospholipids and proteins
• hydrophobic fatty acid tails face inward
• hydrophilic phosphate heads face outward
• It regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
• It is semi-permeable; only certain substances, namely proteins, pass through it unaided.

Question 10

Nucleus

Answer 10

• The largest organelle; is the control center of the cell
• It is also responsible for the cells ability to reproduce
• directs what goes on in the cell
• home of the hereditary information; DNA; organized into large structures called chromosomes

Question 11

Most visible structure within the nucleus

Answer 11

NUCLEOLUS - where RNA is made and ribosomes are assembled.

Question 12

Ribosomes

Answer 12

• are the sites of protein synthesis
• to manufacture all the proteins required by the cell or secreted by the cell
• are round structures composed of RNA and proteins
  *they can be either floating in the cell of attached to another structure called Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Question 13

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 13

• continuous channel that extends into many regions of the cytoplasm

Question 14

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Answer 14

• lacks ribosomes
• makes lipids, hormones, and steroids and breaks down toxic chemicals.

Question 15

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Answer 15

• region of the ER that is “studded” with ribosomes
• proteins made on the RER are the ones “earmarked” to be exported out of the cell

Question 16

Golgi bodies

Answer 16

-look like stacks of flattened sacs; also participate in the processing of proteins.
- golgi bodies modify, process, and sort the products once the ribosomes are on the RER have completed synthesizing proteins.
- they package the final products in little sacs called vesicles, which carry the products to the plasma membrane
*theyre the packaging and the distribution centers for materials destined to be sent out of the cell

Question 17

Mitochondria

Answer 17

• often referred to as the “powerhouses” of the cell
• responsible for converting the energy from organic molecules into useful energy for cells.
• energy molecule in the cell is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Question 18

Characteristics of Mitochondria

Answer 18

• unique oblong shape and double membrane consists of inner portion and outer portion
• the inner mitochondrial membrane forms folds known as cristae. (Most production of ATP is done on the cristae)

Question 19

Lysosomes

Answer 19

• small, membrane-bound structures, tiny sacs
• carry digestive enzymes, which they use to break down old/worn-out organelles.
• the cell’s clean-up crew, helping to keep the cytoplasm clear of unwanted flotsam

Question 20

Centrioles

Answer 20

• small, paired, cylindrical structures found within microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs)
• are most active during cellular division
• when cells are ready to divide, centrioles produce microtubules, which pull the replicated chromosomes apart and move them to opposite ends of the cell
• not found in the plant cells

Question 21

Vacuoles

Answer 21

• fluid-filled sacs that store water, food, wastes, salts, or pigments
• “empty cavity” in Latin

Question 22

Peroxisomes

Answer 22

• organelles that detoxify various substances, producing hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct
• contain enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into oxygen and water
• in animals, they are common in the liver and kidney cells.

Question 23

Cytoskeleton

Answer 23

• the shape of a cell is determined by a network of fibers

Question 24

The most important fibers?

Answer 24

Microtubules & Microfilaments

Question 25

Microtubules

Answer 25

- made up of the protein TUBULIN, participate in cellular division and movement

Question 26

The small fibers that are an integral part of three structures and functions?

Answer 26

centrioles, cilia, and flagella - cillia and flagella are threadlike structures known for their locomotive properties in single-celled organisms - the beating motion of cilia and flagella structures propels these organisms through their watery environments

Question 27

Plant Cells

Answer 27

- have a protective outer covering called the cell wall (made of cellulose) - cell wall is a rigid layer just outside of the plasma membrane that provides support for the cell - It is found in plants, protists, fungi, and bacteria. (In fungi, the cell wall is usually made of CHITIN, a modified polysaccharide.) - plant cells possess CHLOROPLASTS (organelles involved in photosynthesis)

Question 28

Endocytosis

Answer 28

- when particles want to enter a cell are just too large, the cell uses a portion of the cell membrane to engulf the substance - the cell membrane forms a pocket, pinches in, and eventually forms either a vacuole or a vesicle

Question 29

Cell metabolism

Answer 29

- process by which individual cells process nutrient molecules

Question 30

Catabolism

Answer 30

- the cell breaks down the complex molecules and produce energy and reducing power

Question 31

Anabolism

Answer 31

- the cell breaks down the complex molecules and perform other biological functions