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Living Systems (Yr_8) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O to C6H12O6 + 6O2

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2
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 to 6CO2 + 6H2O

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3
Q

Describe how plants absorb water, nutrients and perform gas exchange:

A
  • roots absorb water and nutrients and transports them
  • the cell membrane acts as a selective banner for diffusion
  • water easily diffuses through the membrane
  • salt and sugars do not pass through as easily directly
  • the cell membrane utilises osmosis to move water from an area of higher water concentration, through the cell membrane to an area of lower water concentration
  • the cytoplasm in root hair cells contains lot of dissolved substances so the water I the soil moves into the plant through osmosis
  • root hairs are elongated to speed up the process
  • water and some dissolved minerals move through a part of the vascular bundle called xylem tissue
  • the main force that moves water from the roots up to the leaves is the pressure from transpiration
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4
Q

Define diffusion:

A

a mixing process in which substances move from a place where ti is highly concentrated until it is evenly spread out

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5
Q

Define osmosis:

A

the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane, always from higher water concentration to lower water concentration

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6
Q

Define higher water concentration

A

less dissolved substances

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7
Q

Define lower water concentration

A

more dissolved substances

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8
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

the gelatinous liquid that fills the insides of a cell

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9
Q

Define root hair cells

A

Tiny extensions or projections from the outer surface of plant roots

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10
Q

Define xylem tissue

A

made of long tube-like cells that are not living

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11
Q

Define transpiration

A

the process in which plants release inside t\it in the form of moisture or vapour

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12
Q

Describe what happens in gas exchange

A
  • it involves both carbon dioxide and oxygen
  • carbon dioxide is absorbed for photosynthesis and oxygen is released
  • during respiration, oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released through pores in leaves and stems
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13
Q

Describe the characteristics of asexual reproduction

A
  • requires only one parent
  • offspring has 100% same chromosomes as the parent
  • offspring are clones
  • vegetative reproduction
  • no seed formation
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14
Q

List some examples of asexual reproduction

A
  • binary fission in bacteria
  • plant cuttings like grafting, cutting, layering
  • fragmentation like flatworms
  • budding like yeast
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15
Q

List the characteristics of sexual reproduction

A
  • requires two parents to each give half of the genetic information
  • offspring shares characteristics of each parent
    Internal:
  • the egg is fertilised by sperm inside the female with animals like mammals, birds, reptiles, insects and spiders
    External:
  • the egg is fertilised outside the female
    the female lays eggs then the male fertilises with animals like fish, some amphibians, plants fungi
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16
Q

Define reproduction

A

a process where offsprings are created

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17
Q

Define asexual reproduction

A

no gametes

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18
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

gametes

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19
Q

Define gametes

A

Gametes can be divided into male & female;
Male:
plants: pollen grains
animals: sperms
Female:
ovules, ova, ovum, egg, cell
ova/egg

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20
Q

Define fertilisation

A

the process of zygote formation

21
Q

Label all the parts of a flower

A

stigma
anther
style
carpel
ovary
ovum
filament
sepals
stamen
petals

22
Q

Define mitosis

A

A type of cell division where one parent cell divides to daughter cells with identical genetic instructions carried in their DNA

23
Q

What is the role of mitosis in growth and repair?

A

As mitosis makes identical cell copies ii aids in repairing or replacing damaged cells

24
Q

What is the role of mitosis in gamete production?

A

Mitosis occurs in somatic cells aka non-reproductive cells, whichever cells do not produce gametes. This occurs in the first stage after fertilisation. (Sperm and egg fuse, zygote is made, zygote goes through mitosis)

25
Q

List all the major organs involved in digestion

A

Teeth & mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Liver & gallbladder
Pancreas
Small intestine
Large intestine
rectum & anus

26
Q

State the role of the teeth and mouth in digestion

A

They do the physical breakdown of food and the tongue pushes food towards the teeth. (mechanical digestion) Saliva contains enzymes to start chemical digestion.

27
Q

State the role of the oesophagus in digestion

A

A tubular muscle that forces food down to your stomach in a process called peristalsis.

28
Q

State the role of the stomach in digestion

A

stores food for about 3 hours while it uses gastric juices to help digest the food. The food in your stomach is called chyme.

29
Q

State the role of the liver & gallbladder in digestion

A

The liver makes a mixture of chemicals called bile used to digest fat and neutralise stomach acid. Bile is stored in the gallbladder until food reaches the small intestine. Bile is then released into the small intestine through a tube called the bile duct. Food does not travel through the liver.

30
Q

State the role of the pancreas

A

They make pancreatic juice when contains a mixture of digestive enzymes and also neutralises stomach acid. Food does not travel through the pancreas.

31
Q

State the role of the small intestine

A

The intestines are really important because they absorb the nutrients that all the cells of the body require

32
Q

State the role of the large intestine

A

Some vitamins are absorbed into the bloodstream for the large intestine

33
Q

State the role of the rectum & anus

A

The rectum stores faeces until it starts to become full. As it starts to stretch, messages are sent to the brain to make you realise you need to go to/ the toilet. Rectal muscles push the faeces out of the ring of muscles called the anus.

34
Q

Label a diagram of the heart and trace out the route of blood around the heart

A

do it somewhere else

35
Q

Explain the difference between breathing and respiration:

A

respiration is the actual process that happens in cells which is the same reaction as seen in plant cells. The energy produced is used for all the jobs the cell needs to perform. On the other hand, breathing is the inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide by your lungs and other organs in the respiratory.

36
Q

Identify the organs involved in excretion

A

kidney
ureters
bladder
urethra

37
Q

State the role of the kidney

A

They are a pair of pyramid - shaped lobes. Blood carrying waste products enters your kidney to be filtered by tiny structures called nephrons. The kidneys are also for regulating levels of water and salts in the blood.

38
Q

State the role of the ureters

A

urine formed in the kidney’s travels down two thin tubes called ureters to the bladder

39
Q

State the role of the bladder

A

the bladder stores urine until it is ready to be expelled from the body

40
Q

State the role of the urethra

A

When you urinate, urine is expelled from the bladder through the urethra and out the body. Other organs like the liver, skin and large intestine also plays roles in the excretion by processing toxins and expelling waste

41
Q

What is the three types of muscles?

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

42
Q

Describe the function of muscular/skeletal system

A

For skeletal muscles, muscle fibres are bundled together and the end of the muscle, the connective tissue combines to form tendons that attach to skeleton. They bring about voluntary movement
Smooth muscles that contract automatically in internal organs such as the digestive tract & uterus

43
Q

Describe the role of the skeletal/muscular system

A
  • enables movement such as walking and running
  • provides a framework which supports the body;s shape and organs
  • safeguards organs from external impacts
  • bones act as levers, working with muscles to enable movement
  • bones store essential minerals
44
Q

Describe the role of the excretory system

A
  • system in organisms that specialises in removing waste]
  • needed to maintain chemical homeostasis to keep the body functioning
45
Q

Describe the role of the circulatory & respiratory system

A
  • responsible for transporting oxygen nutrients hormones and waste products
  • main function is to breath in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide which allows oxygen to be diffused into blood for the circulatory system
46
Q

Describe the role of the digestive system

A
  • takes in food and liquid, breaking them down and absorbing the nutrients that the body needs to function
  • also involved in waste management process
47
Q

Label all the parts of the female reproductive system

A
48
Q
A

Science (13 decks)

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