Livestock diseases exam 2

Question 1

How does an animal get Yew poisoning

Answer 1

ingestion
usually accidental

Question 2

What is yew

Answer 2

ornamental shrub used in landscaping

Question 3

Yew poisoning signs

Answer 3

acute:
-sudden death
subacute:
-ataxia
-colic
-diarrhea
-dyspnea
-coma
-seizures

Question 4

Yew poisoning food safety

Answer 4

milk withholding:
-2 days
meat:
-35 days
drugs:
-variable

Question 5

hydrocyanic acid poisoning (cyanide poisoning)

Answer 5

shows signs in 15-20 minutes
dead in 2 hours
many sources:
-burmuda, milo, sudan grass, chokecherry

Question 6

hydrocyanic acid poisoning (cyanide poisoning) signs

Answer 6

-acute
-dyspnea
-restlessness
convulsions

Question 7

Sweet Clover poisoning

Answer 7

caused by dicoumarin (structurally similar to warfarin)
(coumarin is a component of normal sweet clover, mold converts it to dicoumarin)
antagonist of vitamin K (blood does not clot)
TREAT: with vitamin K

Question 8

Sweet clover poisoning signs

Answer 8

hemorrhages
stiffness
can develop nosebleeds (can bleed to death b/c blood does not clot)

Question 9

mycotoxicosis

Answer 9

due to feed contaminated (usually cereal grains) with toxins from fungi or molds
caused by mycotoxins

Question 10

mycotoxicosis signs

Answer 10

major effect: feed refusal
-irritate digestive tract mucosa
-destroy vital organs
-cause neoplasia
-hormonal effects

Question 11

Mycotoxicoses diagnosis

Answer 11

1. identify myotoxins
   -feedstuffs
   -animal tissues
2. lesions and clinical signs

Question 12

types of mycotoxins

Answer 12

Aflatoxins
Zearalenone
Ergot
Ochratoxin
Vomitoxin

Question 13

Alfatoxins

Answer 13

produced by 2 different fungi
-reduced productivity
-slow growth
-hepatotoxicosis

Question 14

Zearalenone

Answer 14

Fusarium fungi
-hyperestrogenic effects
(young animals will show signs of estrus; pseudo pregnancy etc.

Question 15

Ergot

Answer 15

Claviceps purpurea
-occurs when there is a cool wet spring and a early hot summer

causes vasoconstriction
-small arteries to distal extremities
-lameness

Question 16

Ochratoxin

Answer 16

Aspergillus sp. and penicillium sp.

edema (fluid accumulation around kidney)
feed refusal
decreased growth rate

Question 17

Vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol)

Answer 17

feed refusal
decreased growth rate
Once consumed, goes to CNS and causes animal to vomit

Question 18

Nitrate/Nitrite cause

Answer 18

many species suseptible, but cattle most frequently

nitrate –> nitrite –> methemoglobin

1.nitrates and nitrites in growing plants (cereals, sweet clover)
2. ingestion of nitrate fertilizers
3. water sources

Question 19

Nitrate/Nitrite signs

Answer 19

anoxia
convulsions
coma
death
(body temp decreases, heart rate increases)

Question 20

Nitrate/Nitrite treatment

Answer 20

remove source of nitrate
methylene blue