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final Flashcards

1
Q

cortical reaction

A

prevents penetration by additional spermatozoa

in addition to altering zona pellucida, also reduces ability of oocyte plasma membrane to fuse with additional spermatozoa

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2
Q

cortical granules

A

during 1st and 2nd meiotic divisions of oogenesis, cortical granules move to the periphery of oocyte cytoplasm

contents are mucopolysaccharides, proteases, plasminogen activator, acid phosphase, peroxidase

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3
Q

exocytosis

A

after membrane fusion b/t oocyte and spermatozoon, cortical granules undergo exocytosis; contents released into perivitelline space

results in zona block

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4
Q

zona block

A

process where zona pellucida undergo biochemical changes so more sperm cannot penetrate.

prevents polyspermy

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5
Q

vitelline block

A

another mechanism to prevent polyspermy

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6
Q

syngamy

A

fusion of male and female pronuclei

final step of fertilization

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7
Q

supefecundation

A

spermatozoa from all males are eligible to fertilize oocytes (dogs: long sperm viability so oocytes can be fertilized by several males)

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8
Q

fusion protien

A

actual fusion of oocyte plasma membrane with equatorial segment is brought about by fusion protein

prior to acrosome reaction fusion protein is inactive

after vesiculation and release of acrosomal contents fusion protien is activated enabling sperm membrane to fuse/bind with oocyte membrane

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9
Q

Release of acrosomal enzymes

A

allows spermatozoon to digest its way through the zona pellucida

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10
Q

capacitation

A

changes sperm go through in female tract to become completely fertile

site varies b/t species. takes several hours

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11
Q

sialomucin

A

low viscosity

produced by cells in basal areas of cervical crypts

sperm swim into it “privalaged pathway”

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12
Q

sulfomucin

A

viscous

produced by apical portions of the cervical epithelium covering tips of cervical folds

sperm wash out if encounter sulfomucin

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13
Q

2 types of cervical mucus

A

sulfomucin
sialomucin

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13
Q

sustained transport phase

A

transported in “trickle-like” effect from cervical resivoirs and UTJ

move to isthmus and attach to oviduct epithelium “docking”

docking elicits signal cascade that promote viability

die 6-10 hrs after insemination if no docking

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14
Q

rapid transport phase

A

used to think good b/c delivered to oocyte quickly

sperm arriving in minutes not reliable

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15
Q

phases of spermatozoa transport

A

rapid transport
sustained transport

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16
Q

spermatozoa are lost from the female tract by:

A

phagocytosis by neutrophils
retrograde transport

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17
Q

embryo

A

an organism in the early stages of development and can’t be distinguished as a member of a specific species

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18
Q

zygote (ootid)

A

stage of embryo development when the male and female pronuclei can be observed, a newly fertilized embryo

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19
Q

fetus

A

apotential offspring that is still within the uterus but is generally recognizable as a member of a given species

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20
Q

conceptus

A

the product of conception
includes:
embryo during early embroynic stage
the embryo and extaembryonic membranes during the preimplantation stage
the fetus and placenta during the post-attatchment phase

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21
Q

blastomere

A

individual cell of an early, multicellular embryo

in early stages of embryogenesis each blastomere has potential to develop into separate offspring

undergo divisions until there are 16 daughter cells

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22
Q

cleavage divisions

A

zygote undergoes series of miotic divisions

first cleavage generates 2-cell embryo; cells are blastomeres

only occur b/t 1 cell and blastocyst stages

all take place in the zona pellucida

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23
Q

totipotent

A

blastomeres from the 2, 4, 8, 16 embryos are totipotent

ability of a single cell (blastomere) to give rise to a complete fully formed individual

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24
Q

morula

A

when a solid ball of cells is formed and individual blastomeres can no longer be counted accurately (called morula)

outer cells begin to be compacted more than the cells in the center. cells begin to separate into 2 populations (inner & outer cells)

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25
Q

types of cells that form in the morula phase

A

inner
outer

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26
Q

gap junctions

A

cells in inner part or morula develop gap junctions

allow for intercellular communications

27
Q

tight junctions

A

outer cells form tight junctions

believed to alter permeability of outer cells

once formed fluid begins to accumulate inside the embryo

believed to be because of sodium pump in outer cells of morula

28
Q

blastocoele

A

water diffuses through zona pellucida into embryo and to form fluid filled cavity (blastocoele)

29
Q

hatching of blastocyst is governed by 3 forces

A

growth and fluid accumulation within blastocyst
production of enzymes by the trophoblastic cells
contraction of the blastocyst

30
Q

blastocyst

A

when distinct cavity is recognizable embryo is called a blastocyst

31
Q

inner cell mass

A

will become the body of the embryo

32
Q

trophoblast

A

will become the chorion (placenta)

33
Q

2 groups of mammalian embryos

A

Domestic animals:
preattatchment period is long (several weeks)
extensive extraembryonic membranes form by a folding process that generates the amnion, chorion, and allantochorion

Primates:
blastocyst implants soon after it enters the uterus
extraembryonic membrans form after implantation/attachment

34
Q

extraembryonic membranes of preattachment embryo consist of:

A

yolk sac
chorion
amnion
allantois

35
Q

extraembryonic membranes

A

set of membranes that cause dramatic growth of the conceptus

pig, sheep and cow have long filamentous/ threadlike blastocysts prior to attatchment

mare: blastocysts remain sphere

36
Q

primative endoderm
mesoderm

A

give rise to chorion and amnion

yolk sac develops from the primative endoderm

additional cell layer that grows beneath but in contact with the inner cell mass, continue to grow downward and eventually line the trophoblast

37
Q

allantois

A

fluid filled sac that collects liquid waste from the embryo

as embryo grows it will expand and eventually make contact with the chorion. eventually fuses together

38
Q

allantochorion

A

as embryo grows allantois will expand and eventually make contact with the chorion. eventually fuses together

39
Q

maternal recognition of pregnancy

A

must happen before luteolysis

40
Q

interferons

A

in ewe and cow

proteins that signal for prevention of luteolysis

cytokines (immune cell hormones) secreted by many types of cells (leukocytes, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and trophoblastic cells) best known for their ability to inhibit virus replication

oIFN-T. & bIFN-T

oIFN-t binds to endometrium and inhibits oxytocin receptor synthesis

41
Q

maternal recognition sow

A

conceptus produces estradiol (the signal for maternal recognition) (prevents luteolysis)
PGF2a is produced in significant quantities, rerouted to uterine lumen

MUST be 2 conceptuses present in each uterine horn for pregnancy to be maintained.

42
Q

maternal recognition mare

A

presence of conceptus prevents luteolysis
conceptus must move from one uterine horn to the other (12-14 times/day during days 12, 13, & 14) (conceptus does not elongate like other species) probably has to happen to distribute pregnancy recognition factors to endometrial cells (don’t know what factors are)

43
Q

maternal recognition human

A

at time of implantation 7-9 days after ovulation conceptus begins to secrete hCG
acts on CL to inhibit intraovarian luteolysis

44
Q

chorionic villus

A

functional unit of the fetal placenta
exchange apparatus, provides increased surface area so that exchange is maximized

45
Q

placenta classifications

A

diffuse
zonary
discoid
cotyledonary

46
Q

diffuse placenta

A

pig & mare

pig: uniform distribution; initial attachment around day 12

mare: specialized microzones of chorionic villi (microcotyledons) distributed over entire surface. Also contain endometrial cups (trophoblastic and endometrial origin) 5-10 cups over surface of placenta. Cups produce eCG & develop b/t days 35 and 60. after day 60 they are no longer used

47
Q

zonary placenta

A

dogs and cats

girdle like; single band around middle; broad zone

2nd region: consists of highly pigmented ring at either end of the central zone. consists of small hematomas (blood clots). pigmented zone also refered to as paraplacenta; thought to be important in iron transport

3rd region: transparent zone on distal ends of chorion, has poor vascularity

48
Q

discoid placenta

A

human, rodent, rabbit, primates

1-2 disc-shaped areas

49
Q

cotyledonary

A

cow, ewe, deer (ruminants)

cotyledons (many circles of villi)
sheep: 90-100 cotyledons
cow: 70-120 cotyledons

placentome: (point of interface) consists of a fetal cotyledon and maternal cotyledon originating from caruncular regions of uterus. In cow CONVEX, in ewe CONVAVE

50
Q

Epitheliochorial placenta

A

prefix maternal sufix fetal

6 layers 7 layers?

sow and mare

also ruminants but endometrial epithelium erodes and regrows causing exposure to maternal capillaries (syndesmochorial)

binucleate giant cells found in ruminant placenta

51
Q

binucleate giant cells

A

large and have 2 nuclei
appear around day 14 in sheep and day 18-20 in cow

originate from trophoblast and thought to be formed continuously

20% of fetal placenta

migrate from chorionic epithelium and invade endometrial epithelium

transfer complex molecules from fetal to maternal placenta

secrete pregnanacy specific protein B (PSPB) also called pregnancy associated glycoproteins(PAG)

52
Q

endotheliochorial placenta

A

5 layers
dog and cat

complete erosion of endometrial epithelium
maternal capillaries directly exposed to epithelial cells of chorion

53
Q

hemochorial placenta

A

3 layers
primates and rodents

chorionic epithelium in direct opposition of maternal pools of blood
nutrients and gases exchanged directly from maternal blood and only has to go through 3 layers of tissue

54
Q

hemoendothelial

A

1 layer
rabbit, rat, guinea pig

barriers to waste, nutrients, and gaseous transfer almost nonexistant

chorionic capillaries immersed in pools of blood and material directly transferred from maternal blood pools through a single layer of chorionic capillary endothelium

55
Q

placental exchanges

A

simple diffusion: (gases and water pas from high to low concentrations)

facilitated diffusion: (glucose and other metabolically important materials such as amino acids are transported by facilitated diffusion using specific carrier molecules)

active transport:

56
Q

What can & cannot pass through placenta

A

can:
fetal formed fatty acids
water soluble vitamins B & K (easier than fat soluble)
minerals
toxic & potentially pathonenic compounds (ethyl alcohol, lead, phosphorus, mercury)
drugs & pharmaceuticals (antibodies)
microorganisms
viruses
imunoglobulins
smaller molecular weight hormones (steroids, thyroid hormone, catecholamines (epi & norepi)

Cannot:
maternal proteins
nutritionally based lipids
large peptide hormones (thryroid stimulating hormone, adrenal cortical stimulating hormone, growth hormone, insulin, glucagon)

teratogenic (abnormal development/ birth defects):
LSD, amphetamines, lithium, diethylstilbestrol, thalidomide

57
Q

Placenta secretes hormones that can:

A

(placenta is also transitory endocrine organ)

stimulate ovarian function
maintain pregnancy
influence fetal growth
stimulate mammary function
assist in parturition

58
Q

first major gonadotropin of placental origin

A

eCG

produced by endometrial cups in mare

59
Q

second major gonadotropin of placental origin

A

hCG
not specific to humans (found in other primates)
can be detected in urine of pregnant female by day 8-10 of gestation (used in human pregnancy tests)

60
Q

CL during pregnancy

A

not needed in some species for whole duration of pregnancy b/c placenta takes over secretion of progesterone (ewe, mare, human)

sow, rabbit: if CL removed pregnancy will terminate
cow: if removed up to 8 months pregnancy will terminate

61
Q

Placenta produces:

A

progesterone
estradiol

also produces placental lactogen (polypeptide hormone) also called somatomammotropin.
found in rats, mice, sheep, cows, humans
similar to GH
stimulate mammary gland

62
Q

who triggers partuition

A

fetus

63
Q

3 stages of partuition

A

initiation of myometrial contractions (removal of progesterone block)

expulsion of fetus

expulsion of fetal membranes

64
Q

distocia

A

difficult birth

65
Q

relaxin

A

glycoprotein produced by either CL or placenta (depends on species)
synthesis of relaxin stimulated by PGF2a
causes softening of connective tissue in cervix and promotes elasticity of pelvic ligaments

repro (2 decks)

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