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Liver and friends > Liver physiology > Flashcards

Liver physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  1. Clearance of rbcs and bacteria by phagocytosis
  2. Lipid and carbohydrate management
  3. Protein management and synthesis
  4. Biotransformation of toxin, hormones and drugs metabolism
  5. Vitamin and mineral storage
  6. Bile synthesis
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2
Q

How does the liver correct low blood glucose?

A

Glycogenolysis
-breaks down glycogen to glucose
-converts some amino acids and lactic acid into glucose
-converts other sugars (galactose, fructose) into glucose
the glucose is released into the blood stream

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3
Q

How does the liver correct high blood glucose?

A

Glycogenesis

  • converts excess glucose into glycogen
  • and into triglycerides for storage in liver
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4
Q

What is produced when the liver oxidises acids?

A

ATP

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5
Q

How does the liver deal with lipids it receives?

A

It receives chylomicrons from the duodenal villi

Hepatocytes synthesise VLDLS (very low density lipoproteins

LDLS are formed in plasma

HDLs are formed in liver

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6
Q

The liver synthesises cholesterol.

What is this used for in the liver?

A

Making bile salts

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7
Q

What does deamination mean?

A

The removal of the amino group (NH2) from an amino acid by hepatocytes
This leaves a ketoacid (which is used in Krebs to make ATP)

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8
Q

What is the benefit of deamination?

A

The ‘deaminated’ amino acids can be used for producing ATP, or being converted into carbohydrates or fats

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9
Q

What happens to the NH2 after deamination?

A

It becomes toxic ammonia (NH3) but then is combined with CO2 in urea cycle to make urea and water

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10
Q

What type of proteins do hepatocytes synthesise?

A 
Albumin & clotting factors
Factor I - fibrinogen
Factor II - prothrombin
Factors V, VI, VIII, IX, X, X
Protein C, S
Antithrombin
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11
Q

Is Von Willebrand factor produced in the liver?

A

No! In endothelial cells

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12
Q

What is special about factor VIII production?

A

It is produced in the liver AND the endothelial cells

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13
Q

Which vitamins are stored in the liver?

A

A, D, E, K, B12

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14
Q

Which cells carry out phagocytosis in the liver?

A

Kupffer cells - macrophages

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15
Q

Where are Kupffer cells found?

A

In sinusoids - types of blood vessels in liver with fenestrated endothelium

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16
Q

What doe Kupffer cells phagocytise?

A

Damaged RBCs and bacteria

They break down haem and globin and release bilirubin

17
Q

Draw the bilirubin pathway!

A

:)

18
Q

What do the phase 1 and 2 detoxification pathways do?

A

Convert fat-soluble chemicals into water soluble chemicals so they can be excreted from the body easily

19
Q

Give some examples of toxins the liver removes.

A 
Metabolic end products
Micro-organisms
Contaminants/pollutants
Food additives
Drugs
Alcohol
20
Q

What enzymes do the phase 1 reactions use?

Where are they found?

A

Cytochrome P450

On membranes of hepatocytes

21
Q

What do the phase 1 reactions convert toxins into and how do they do it?

A

Convert toxic chemicals into less harmful chemicals

By various processes - oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis

22
Q

What enzymes catalyse the phase 2 reactions?

A

Transferases such as UDP glucuronyl transferase (converts unconjugated bilirubin into conjugated bilirubin)

23
Q

How does the phase 2 pathway detoxify molecules?

A

It does so by adding substances to a toxic chemical to render it less harmful.
This then makes the toxin water soluble so it can be excreted.

24
Q

What is the reticularendothelial system?

A

Immune system of phagocyte cells located in reticular connective tissue.

25
Q

What are the functions of the reticularendothelial system?

A 
Immune response
Formation of RBC and WBC
Destruction of old RBC and WBC
Formation of plasma proteins
Formation of bile pigments
Storage of iron
26
Q

Where is iron stored in the liver?

A

In Kupffer cells

27
Q

Which cells make bile?

A

Hepatocytes

28
Q

What is in bile?

A

Water, bile salts, fats (fatty acid, phospholipids,& lecithin), bilirubin, protein

29
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Allows lipid emulsification

Formation of micelles

30
Q

What are micelles?

A

Bile = outer shell
Lipid = core
Allows for transport of lipids which are normally water insoluble

31
Q

Describe the journey of bile from production to storage.

A
  1. Produced by hepatocytes
  2. Secreted into bile caniculi
  3. Travels away from hepatic vein through interlobular septa
  4. To terminal bile ducts
  5. To hepatic ducts
  6. To cystic duct
  7. To gall bladder

Liver and friends (7 decks)

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