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Histopathology > Liver Pathology > Flashcards

Liver Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the weight of the liver

A

1400-1600g

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2
Q

How many blood supply does the liver have and can you mention them

A

It has dual blood supply and it is the portal vein and hepatic artery

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3
Q

What percent does the portal vein supply

A

The portal vein supplies 60-70 percent of the hepatic blood flow

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4
Q

What percent does the hepatic artery supply

A

The hepatic artery supplies 30 -40 percent of

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5
Q

In liver cirrhosis what usually happens to the liver

A

The liver is always shrunken (micronodular)

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6
Q

Another name for hilum of the liver

A

Porta hepatis

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7
Q

What is hilum of the liver

A

Hilum of the liver or porta hepatis that is where the blood vessels go in and out from.

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8
Q

Where is hilum of the liver located

A

It is located at the inferior aspect

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9
Q

Where is the portal triad located

A

Periphery of the liver (zone1)

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10
Q

What does zone 3 stand for

A

It stands for where the central vein is located also the zone that would suffer if there was an obstruction at zone 1 and zone 2 because it’s far

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11
Q

Functions of the liver(5)

A

1)Manufacture and excretion of bile
2)manufacture of several major plasma proteins
3)detoxification of toxic substances such as alcohol and drugs
4)Storage of vitamins and irons
5)metabolism of carbohydrates,proteins and lipids

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12
Q

The metabolite of paracetamol(acetaminophen)

A

N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine(NAPQI)

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13
Q

Mention the hepatotrophic viruses

A

A,B,C,D and E

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14
Q

The hepatotrophic viruses that is transmitted through faeco-oral transmission is?

A

A and E

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15
Q

The hepatotrophic viruses that is transmitted through par enteral is ?

A

B,C ,D

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16
Q

Mention 5 non hepatotrophic viruses

A

Epstein Barr viruses
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex virus
Yellow fever virus
Adeno virus

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17
Q

When there is liver damage what usually happens to enzymes and products

A

Enzymes leak out of the hepatocytes so they are increased while products are reduced because the hepatocytes are damaged there are no hepatocytes to produce them

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18
Q

The hepatotrophic virus that cause chronic liver disease is

A

B and C but the D is also part because it causes a coinfection or Supra infection with B
Hepatitis D need hepatitis B to be activated

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19
Q

What happens to the liver during hepatomegaly ,tumor and congestion

A

They all increase and hepatomegaly (>1600g)

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20
Q

What is congestion

A

Congestion can be defined as a passive process due to the obstruction of venous blood flow leading to decreased blood flow which would cause cyanosis

21
Q

What is hyperemia

A

Hyperemia is an active process due to arterial dilation leading to increase blood flow and redness

22
Q

Difference betweeen congestion and hyperemia

A

Congestion
1.passive process
2.There is decreased blood flow
3.cyanosis
4.obstruction to venous blood flow
Hyperemia
1.active process
2.arterial dilation
3.increased blood flow
4.Redness

23
Q

How does non hepatotrophic viruses cause hepatitis

A

They cause hepatitis but it’s usually associated with systemic infection

24
Q

Commonest malignant tumor of the bile duct

A

Adenocarcinoma

25
Q

Commonest benign tumor of the liver

A

1.cavernous hemangioma
2.Hepatocellular Adenomas

26
Q

Tumors of the liver can be

A

Benign or malignant

27
Q

Malignant tumor of the liver is divide into two and which is the most commonest

A

Primary and secondary (metastatic )
Metastatic tumor is the most common malignant tumor or most common tumor seen in the liver

28
Q

Commonest tumor seen in the liver is?

A

Metastatic tumor

29
Q

Definition of liver cirrhosis

A

Liver cirrhosis can be defined as a severe chronic liver disease that is marked by remodeling of the liver into parenchyma nodules which are often regenerative and are often surrounded by fibrous bands

30
Q

The four things you are meant to know about liver cirrhosis

A
  1. It is a chronic liver disease
    2.There is distortion of the architecture of the liver
    3.There is formation of parechymal regenerative nodules
    4.There is fibrosis
31
Q

Pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis

A

Between the hepatocytes there are spaces called sinusoids and the sinusoids are lined by fenestrated endothelial cells .between the sinusoids and the hepatocytes there is a space called the space of DISSE ,in this space there are special cells called hepatic lipocytes,hepatic Stella the cells and ITO cells they are also known as fat cells or vitamin A storing cells
So the macrophages in the liver known as kupffer cells produces PDGF(platelet derived growth factor ) and TNF (tumor necrosis factor )which activates the ITO cells and this cells are contracted by endothelin 1. The kupffer cells produces transforming growth factor B which makes the contracted ito cell to deposit fibrous tissue which makes them fibroblastic

32
Q

Mention 8 complications of liver cirrhosis

A

1.Hepatic encephalopathy
2.Bleeding from oseophageal varices secondary to portal hypertension
3.Bacteria infections
4.Hepatorenal syndrome
5.liver failure
6,hepatocellular carcinoma
7.death
8.coagulopathies

33
Q

What viral hepatitis causes liver cirrhosis

A

Viral hepatitis B,C and D

34
Q

Causes of liver cirrhosis

A

1.alcoholic liver disease
2.non alcoholic fatty liver disease
3.metabolic disease
4.untreated viral hepatitis

35
Q

Liver cirrhosis is the most commonest cause of portal hypertension

A
36
Q

Causes of metabolic liver disease can be

A

Acquired or inherited

37
Q

Acquired metabolic liver disease

A

Non alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) it can be defined as the accumulation of fat into the liver usually not caused by a significant amount of alcohol .it can be seen in obesity and diabetes

38
Q

Inherited liver disease

A

Hemochromatosis
Wilson’s disease
Alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency (there is an imbalance between the antitrypsin and the trypsin itself)

39
Q

The most commonest malignant tumor seen in children

A

Hepatoblastoma

40
Q

How do you differentiate a primary tumor from a secondary tumor

A

Primary tumor usually have irregular large masses
Secondary tumor usually have small masses or nodules with a depression called CENTRAL UMBILICATION

41
Q

What is the name of the depression at the middle of a secondary tumor

A

CENTRAL UMBILICATION

42
Q

Choledococystitis

A

Inflammation of the bile duct

43
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

It is the presence of gall stones in the gall bladder

44
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gall bladder

45
Q

Another name for primary tumor and examples of primary tumor

A

Primary liver cell carcinoma/hepatocellular carcinoma/hepatoma
Examples
Hepatoblastoma

46
Q

Secondary tumor is

A

Secondary tumor under malignant tumor it is different from hepatocellular carcinoma/primary and hepatoma

47
Q

Examples of malignant tumor in the liver

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Angiosarcoma
Hepatoblastoma

48
Q

Drug induced liver injury can be

A

Dose dependent (predictable)
Idiosyncratic (non predictable)

49
Q

What are the 4 things that Epstein Barr virus cause

A

1.Mononucleosis
2.Hepatitis
3.burkitt lymphoma is a type of non Hodgkin’s lymphoma
4.nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Histopathology (3 decks)

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