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LIVER FLUKES Flashcards

1
Q

Two liver flukes under phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Fasciola hepatica

Fasciola gigantica

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2
Q

Fasciola hepatica adult worm inhabits ____?

A

Bile ducts

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3
Q 
Describe Fasciola hepatica in terms of:
Size
Testes
Ovary 
Suckers
A

Fasciola hepatica:

  • large, broad, flat
  • with shoulder or prominence in its cephalic cone
  • oral suckers = ventral suckers in size
  • testes and ovaries are branched
  • vitellaria distributed in the entire lateral length of the body, mostly in the posterior part
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4
Q

Other names of Fasciola hepatica diseases (5)

A 
Sheep liver fluke
Temperate liver fluke
Fascioliasis hepatica
Sheep liver rot
Pharyngel fascioliasis or halzoun
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5
Q

Eggs are embryonated or unembryonated when passed in feces?

A

Unembryonated

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6
Q

Where do the liver fluke eggs mature?

A

In water or any moist environment

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7
Q

What kind of host is the sheep?

A

Natural final/definitive host

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8
Q

First intermediate host (Fasciola hepatica). Give 3 species

A

Snails
Lymnea philippinensis
L. auricularia rubiginosa
Lymnea swinhoe (Taiwan)

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9
Q

Second intermediate host (Fasciola hepatica)

A 
AQUATIC PLANTS:
Ipomea obscura (kangkong)
Nasturtium officinale (water cress)
Water chest
River or stream water
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10
Q

What kind of host is man?

A

Accidental Final Host

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11
Q

Which species have their ovaries posterior to the testes?

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

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12
Q

Does fasciolasis cause persistent diarrhea?

A

Yes.

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13
Q

Common complication of fasciolasis

A

Cholelithiasis

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14
Q

Describe the eggs of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica

A

The eggs of Fasciola hepatica are large, oval, yellowish, operculated on top and with knob at the bottom.
The eggs of Fasciola gigantica are larger and with less prominent shoulder.

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15
Q

Natural final/definitive host of Fasciola gigantica

A

Cattles
Cows
Water buffalo

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16
Q

Drug of choice for Fascioliasis

A

Bithionol 30 - 50 mk/BW on alternated days to complete 10 - 15 doses

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17
Q

Other drug of choice for Fascioliasis

A

Praziquantel

Triclabendazole

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18
Q

A new fasciolide drug that is proven to be safe, well treated and effective.

A

Commiphora molmol (myrrh)

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19
Q

Drug which showed complete removal of 3-week and 10-week old F. hepatica in sheep at dosage of 15mg/kg

A

5-chloro-2-methylthionaphthyloxy-1H-benzimidazole

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20
Q

Reservoir host of F. hepatica in France

A

Hares, rabbits

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21
Q

Other potential wildlife reservoir hosts of fluke in France

A

nutria Myocastor coypus

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22
Q

Where does the metacercaria excyst in human/sheep host?

A

Duodenum or jejunum

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23
Q

How long do Fasciola flukes sexually mature?

A

3 - 4 months

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24
Q

Life span of adult worm

A

9 - 13 years

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25
Time that cercaria usually escapes from the snail host
Night
26
Compare: size
Gigantica larger, more elongated or lanceolate than Hepatica
27
Compare: suckers
Hepatica: oral and ventral sucker equal in size Gigantica: ventral sucker larger than oral sucker
28
Compare: shoulders
Hepatica has more prominent shoulders
29
Compare: intestinal ceca
Both are branched bit Gigantica's is more in midline
30
Compare: ovaries
Both branched but Gigantica's more branched
31
Compare: pathology
Same
32
Identify if stage is acute or chronic: | Fever, RUQ pain, hypereosinophilia
Acute/invasive phase
33
Identify if stage is acute or chronic: | Biliary tract obstruction
Chronic/latent phase
34
Identify if stage is acute or chronic: | Migration of the juvenile parasite to the liver
Acute phase
35
Identify if stage is acute or chronic: | Worm reached the bile ducts
Chronic phase
36
Triad of diagnostic significance in Fascioliasio
Sudden onset of high fever Hepatomegaly Marked eosinophilia
37
Pharyngeal fascioliasis is also known as what in Arabic?
Halzoun
38
Ectopic site of infection
Lungs, SC, brain, orbit causing abscess formation
39
S/sx of halzoun
asphyxiation/suffocation dyspena deafness if at eustachian tube
40
Complications of fascioliasis
abscess formation hemobilia biliary cirrhosis
41
How to determine between true fascioliasis from false fascioliasis?
Give liver free diet then check stool for eggs
42
During 1st two weeks of infection, F. hepatica induces what in the immune system?
Transient Th1 cytokine profile
43
Test for fascioliasis that may be useful for individual diagnosis and epidemiological survey
PCR- restriction fragment length polymorphism assay
44
other name of Fasciola gigantica
Giant liver fluke
45
How to kill the parasite in the reservoir host?
Chemotherapy
46
COMMON NAME OF CLONORCHIS SINENSIS
CHINESE LIVER FLUKE
47
FAMILY OF CLONORCHIS SINENSIS
OPISTHORCHIIDAE
48
CLONORCHIS SINENSIS IS A PARASITE OF THE _____ OF _____ AND ______.
CLONORCHIS SINENSIS IS A PARASITE OF THE BILE DUCT AND GALLBLADDER OF HUMANS AND FLESH-EATING MAMMALS
49
AN IMPORTANT PARASITE OF HUMANS IN THE FAR EAST
CLONORCHIS SINENSIS
50
LIVER FLUKE ENDEMIC IN CHINA, KOREA, JAPAN AND VIETNAM
CLONORCHIS SINENSIS
51
SEVERITY OF THE FASCIOLIASIS DEPENDS ON?
THE NUMBER OF METACERCARIAE INGESTED
52
ADULT CHLONORCHIS SINENSIS TEGUMENT IS ____
TEGUMENT IS TRANSPARENT
53
DESCRIBE VENTRAL SUCKER OF CLONORCHIS
VENTRAL SUCKER OF CLONORCHIS IS SMALLER THAN THE ORAL SUCKER AND THAT SEEN IN FASCIOLA
54
DESCRIBE TESTES OF CLONORCHiS
TESTES AR ELARGED AND HIGHLY BRANCHED, ARRANGED IN TANDEM IN POSTERIOR HALF OF THE BODY
55
DESCRIBE VITELLARIA OF CLONORCHIS
VITELLARIA IS FOUND IN THE MIDDLE 3RD OF THE BODY AT THE LEVEL OF THE UTERUS
56
WHAT IS THE MAIN DIFFERENCE OF CLONORCHIS WITH OPISTHORCHIS IN TERMS OF ADULT MORPHOLOGY?
CLONORCHIS TESTES ARE LARGE, HIGHLY BRANCHED ARRANGED IN TANDEM IN POSTERIOR HALF OF THE BODY. OPSTHORCHIS TESTES ARE LOBATE AND ARRANGED OBLIQUELY.
57
WHAT IS THE MAIN SIMILARITY OF CLONORCHIS WITH OPISTHORCHIS IN TERMS OF ADULT MORPHOLOGY?
BOTH CLONORCHIS AND OPISTHORCHIS VITELLARIA ARE FOUND IN THE MIDDLE 3RD OF THE BODY AT THE LEVEL OF THE UTERUS
58
2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FASCIOLA AND OPISTHORCHIDAE IN TERMS OF LIFE CYCLE
iN FASCIOLA, EGG IS PASSED UNEMBRYONATED. IN CLONORCHIS AND OPISTHORCHIS, EGG IS PASSED FULLY EMBRYONATED. IN FASCIOLA EGG MATURES IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND RELEASES THE MIRACIDIUM TO FIND A SNAIL. IN CLONORCHIS AND OPSITHORCHIS, THE EGG HAS TO BE INGESTED BY THE SNAIL TO RELEASE THE MIRACIDIUM
59
1ST INTERMEDIATE HOST OF CLONORCHIS
``` Parafossarulus -P. manchouricus -P. anomaloispiralis -P. stratulus Bulimus -B. striatulus Semisulcospira Alocinma -A. longicornis Thiara -T. granifera Melanoides -M. tuberculatus ```
60
WHAT IS ONE VERY DISTINGUISH CHARACTERISTIC OF OPISTHORCHIDAE IN TERMS OF PATHOLOGY?
BOTH OF THEM HAVE A VERY STRONG ASSOCIATION WITH CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA PARTICULARLY OPISTHORCHIS
61
2ND INTERMEDIATE HOST OF CLONORCHIS
Fresh water fish of the family Cyprinidae, Ctenopharyngodon idellus
62
RESERVOIR HOST OF CLONORCHIS
fish-eating mammals (dogs, cats rats, pigs)
63
NATURAL DEFINITIVE HOST OF CLONORCHIS
MAN
64
WHAT IS THE LIVER FUNCTION TEST PROFILE OF A PX WITH CLONORCHIS?
LIVER FUNCTION IS IMPAIRED BUT SGPT AND SGOT ARE NORMAL.
65
THIS PHASE OF CLONORCHIASIS INVOLVES DESQUAMATION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
PHASE 1
66
THIS PHASE OF CLONORCHIASIS INVOLVES HYPERPLASIA AND DESQUAMATION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
PHASE 2
67
THIS PHASE OF CLONORCHIASIS INVOLVES HYPERPLASIA, DESQUAMATION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS AND ADENOMATOUS TISSUE FORMATION
PHASE 3
68
THIS PHASE OF CLONORCHIASIS INVOLVES MARKED PROLIFERATION OF THE PERIDUCTAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITH SCATTERED ABORTIVE ACINI AND FIBROSIS OF BILIARY DUCT
PHASE 4
69
COMPLICATIONS OF CLONRCHIASIS
ACUTE SUPPURATIVE CHOLANGITIS CHOLECYSTITIS HEPATITIS PANCREATITIS
70
CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH CLONORCHIASIS IS PREDOMINANTLY IN WHAT PART?
IN THE PROXIMAL PART OF THE EXTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCT
71
HOW TO DIAGNOSE OPISTHORCHIDAE INFECTION?
STOOL EXAMINATION: EMBRYONATED EGGS
72
THIS TEST could be used as an immunoreagent in the serodiagnosis for chlonorchiasis
Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK)
73
THIS TEST IS reported to have a high degree of sensitivity and a moderate degree of specificity for the serodiagnosis of clonorchiasis
ELISA with crude extracts of adult C. sinensis
74
THIS TEST IS Indicated to be a sensitive and highly specific immunodiagnostic assay for serodiagnosis of human clonorchiasis
Cystatin capture ELISA
75
THIS TEST IS: - Used to define the spread of clonorchiasis - Efficient in seroepidemiological surveys - Recommended for wide application in clinical and epidemiological ractice in the foci of the disease
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and Coproovoscopy
76
DOC FOR CLONORCHIASIS AND ITS AE
CHLOROQUINE DIPHOSPHATE | - OPTIC NEUROPATHY
77
CLONORCHIASIS DRUG WITH 96% cure rate and 99% egg reduction rate
PRAZIQUANTEL
78
CLONORCHIASIS DRUG FOR light and moderate infection
Praziquantel-Albendazole
79
For heavy infections complicated by obstructive jaundice: (CLONORCHIASIS TX)
- Cholecystectomy with choledocholithotomy - Exploration of the common duct - Drainage procedure such as sphincteroplasty or choledochoduodenostomy - Extract from aspen bark displayed highest antiopisthorchiatic activity (Active fractions contained salicin & its derivatives; ”low toxic substances”)
80
ALSO KNOWN AS CAT LIVER FLUKE
OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS
81
OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS IS ENDEMIC IN WHICH COUNTRIES?
KOREA, USSR COUNTRIES, TURKEY, EUROPE, JAPAN, INDIA, VIETNAM (KUTE JIV)
82
NATURAL DEFINITIVE HOST OF OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS
CATS, DOGS, FOX, WOLVES, SEALS, FISH-EATING MAMMALS
83
MAN IS WHAT KIND OF HOST IN OPISTHORCHUS FELINEUS INFECTION
ACCIDENTAL FINAL HOST
84
DESCRIBE ADULT WORM OF OPISTHORCHUS FELINEUS
``` SHORTER THAN CLONORCHIS SINENSIS LANCET-SHAPED SMALL, LOBED ANTERIOR OVARIES, ALMOST MIDLINE LOBATE, OBLIQUE TESTES VITELLARIA AT MID 1/3 INTRICATELY COILED UTERINE TUBE VENTRAL SUCKER = ORAL SUCKER ```
85
1ST INTERMEDIATE HOST OF OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS
AMNICOLID SNAIL BITHYNIA (BULIMUS) LEACHI
86
2ND INTERMEDIATE HOST OF OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS
``` FRESHWATER FISH (CYPRINOID FISH) (SIMILAR WITH METAGONIMUS YOKOGAWAI) CYPRINUS CARPIO ```
87
PATHOLOGY OF OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS
CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA | HEAVY INFECTIONS CAN CAUSE PANCREATITIS AND MALABSORPTION
88
SITE OF EXCYSTMENT OF OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS
DUODENUM
89
DIAGNOSIS: OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS
EGG IN FECES, BILE OR DUODENAL ASPIRATION - EGG MORE ELONGATED, THINNER - WITH POINTED TERMINAL KNOB/SPINE AT POSTERIOR - LESS PROMINENT RIM AND OPERCULUM
90
TREATMENT: OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS
PRAZIQUANTEL
91
OTHER NAME OF OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI
SOUTHEAST ASIAN LIVER FLUKE
92
NATURAL DEFINITIVE HOST OF OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI
CIVET CAT | CAT, DOG, SEALS, FISH-EATING MAMMALS
93
MAN IS WHAT KIND OF HOST IN OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI INFECTION
ACCIDENTAL FINAL HOST
94
ADULT WORM MORPHOLOGY OF OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI
- GREATER PROXIMITY OF ITS OVARY AND TESTES, DEEPLY LOBULATED - AGGREGATION OF VITELLARIA:CLUSTERED GRANULAR MATERIAL - ELONGATED ESOPHAGUS - VITELLARIA AT MID 1/3 AT LEVEL OF UTERUS
95
1ST INTERMEDIATE HOST OF OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI
SNAIL: BITHYNIA FUNICULATE BITHYNIA LAEVIS BITHYNIA GONIOMPHALUS
96
2ND INTERMEDIATE HOST OF OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI
FRESHWATER FISH (CYPRIDAE, COBITIDAE) - PUNTEUS OEPHOIDES - HAMPALA DISPAR - CYCLOCHEILICHTHYS SIAJA
97
PATHOLOGY OF OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI
CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA | HEAVY INFECTIONS CAN CAUSE PANCREATITIS AND MALABSORPTION
98
SITE OF EXCYSTMENT OF OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI
DUODENUM
99
COMPARE EGG OF OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS WITH OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRI
EGGS ARE SHORTER AND BROADED WITH O. VIVERRI
100
TREATMENT: OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRI
PRAZIQUANTEL
101
DISTRIBUTION OF O. VIVERRI
LAOS, MALAYSIA, UDOM, NORTHEASTERN THAILAND
102
LANCET LIVER FLUKE
DICROCOELIUM DENDRITICUM
103
NATURAL DEFINITIVE HOST OF D. DENDRITICUM
SHEEP, HERBIVORES, BIRDS, CATS, FOXES, MAMMALS
104
MAN IS WHAT KIND OF HOST IN D. DENDRITICUM INFECTION?
ACCIDENTAL FINAL HOST
105
ADULT WORM MORPHOLOGY OF D. DENDRITICUM
- SLENDER, LANCET-SHAPED, TRANSPARENT - ACETABULUM AT 2/5 - TESTES MORE ANTERIOR THAN OVARIES - VITELLARIA AT MID 1/3 - VOLUMINOUS UTERINE COILS
106
1ST INTERMEDIATE HOST OF D. DENDRITICUM
LAND SNAIL - ABIDA - COCHLICOPA - HELICELLA - ZEBRINA
107
2ND INTERMEDIATE HOST
ANT - FORMICA FUSCA
108
PATHOLOGY OF DICROCOELIUM DENDRITICUM
LESS PRONOUNCED HEPATIC CHANGES IN MAN | SLIME BALLS BECOME METACERCARIAE
109
EGGS OF DICROCOELIUM DENDRITICUM
DEEPL;Y BROWN EGGS, OVAL, THICK-SHELLED, OPERCULATED, RESEMBLES ASCARIS
110
TREATMENT: D. DENDRITICUM
PRAZIQUANTEL
111
DISTRIBUTION OF D. DENDRITICUM
ASIA, AFRICA, EUROPE, NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA

Parasitology (4 decks)

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