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Parasitology > LIVER FLUKES > Flashcards

LIVER FLUKES Flashcards

1
Q

Two liver flukes under phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Fasciola hepatica

Fasciola gigantica

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2
Q

Fasciola hepatica adult worm inhabits ____?

A

Bile ducts

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3
Q 
Describe Fasciola hepatica in terms of:
Size
Testes
Ovary 
Suckers
A

Fasciola hepatica:

  • large, broad, flat
  • with shoulder or prominence in its cephalic cone
  • oral suckers = ventral suckers in size
  • testes and ovaries are branched
  • vitellaria distributed in the entire lateral length of the body, mostly in the posterior part
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4
Q

Other names of Fasciola hepatica diseases (5)

A 
Sheep liver fluke
Temperate liver fluke
Fascioliasis hepatica
Sheep liver rot
Pharyngel fascioliasis or halzoun
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5
Q

Eggs are embryonated or unembryonated when passed in feces?

A

Unembryonated

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6
Q

Where do the liver fluke eggs mature?

A

In water or any moist environment

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7
Q

What kind of host is the sheep?

A

Natural final/definitive host

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8
Q

First intermediate host (Fasciola hepatica). Give 3 species

A

Snails
Lymnea philippinensis
L. auricularia rubiginosa
Lymnea swinhoe (Taiwan)

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9
Q

Second intermediate host (Fasciola hepatica)

A 
AQUATIC PLANTS:
Ipomea obscura (kangkong)
Nasturtium officinale (water cress)
Water chest
River or stream water
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10
Q

What kind of host is man?

A

Accidental Final Host

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11
Q

Which species have their ovaries posterior to the testes?

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

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12
Q

Does fasciolasis cause persistent diarrhea?

A

Yes.

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13
Q

Common complication of fasciolasis

A

Cholelithiasis

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14
Q

Describe the eggs of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica

A

The eggs of Fasciola hepatica are large, oval, yellowish, operculated on top and with knob at the bottom.
The eggs of Fasciola gigantica are larger and with less prominent shoulder.

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15
Q

Natural final/definitive host of Fasciola gigantica

A

Cattles
Cows
Water buffalo

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16
Q

Drug of choice for Fascioliasis

A

Bithionol 30 - 50 mk/BW on alternated days to complete 10 - 15 doses

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17
Q

Other drug of choice for Fascioliasis

A

Praziquantel

Triclabendazole

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18
Q

A new fasciolide drug that is proven to be safe, well treated and effective.

A

Commiphora molmol (myrrh)

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19
Q

Drug which showed complete removal of 3-week and 10-week old F. hepatica in sheep at dosage of 15mg/kg

A

5-chloro-2-methylthionaphthyloxy-1H-benzimidazole

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20
Q

Reservoir host of F. hepatica in France

A

Hares, rabbits

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21
Q

Other potential wildlife reservoir hosts of fluke in France

A

nutria Myocastor coypus

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22
Q

Where does the metacercaria excyst in human/sheep host?

A

Duodenum or jejunum

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23
Q

How long do Fasciola flukes sexually mature?

A

3 - 4 months

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24
Q

Life span of adult worm

A

9 - 13 years

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25
Q

Time that cercaria usually escapes from the snail host

A

Night

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26
Q

Compare: size

A

Gigantica larger, more elongated or lanceolate than Hepatica

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27
Q

Compare: suckers

A

Hepatica: oral and ventral sucker equal in size
Gigantica: ventral sucker larger than oral sucker

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28
Q

Compare: shoulders

A

Hepatica has more prominent shoulders

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29
Q

Compare: intestinal ceca

A

Both are branched bit Gigantica’s is more in midline

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30
Q

Compare: ovaries

A

Both branched but Gigantica’s more branched

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31
Q

Compare: pathology

A

Same

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32
Q

Identify if stage is acute or chronic:

Fever, RUQ pain, hypereosinophilia

A

Acute/invasive phase

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33
Q

Identify if stage is acute or chronic:

Biliary tract obstruction

A

Chronic/latent phase

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34
Q

Identify if stage is acute or chronic:

Migration of the juvenile parasite to the liver

A

Acute phase

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35
Q

Identify if stage is acute or chronic:

Worm reached the bile ducts

A

Chronic phase

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36
Q

Triad of diagnostic significance in Fascioliasio

A

Sudden onset of high fever
Hepatomegaly
Marked eosinophilia

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37
Q

Pharyngeal fascioliasis is also known as what in Arabic?

A

Halzoun

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38
Q

Ectopic site of infection

A

Lungs, SC, brain, orbit causing abscess formation

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39
Q

S/sx of halzoun

A

asphyxiation/suffocation
dyspena
deafness if at eustachian tube

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40
Q

Complications of fascioliasis

A

abscess formation
hemobilia
biliary cirrhosis

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41
Q

How to determine between true fascioliasis from false fascioliasis?

A

Give liver free diet then check stool for eggs

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42
Q

During 1st two weeks of infection, F. hepatica induces what in the immune system?

A

Transient Th1 cytokine profile

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43
Q

Test for fascioliasis that may be useful for individual diagnosis and epidemiological survey

A

PCR- restriction fragment length polymorphism assay

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44
Q

other name of Fasciola gigantica

A

Giant liver fluke

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45
Q

How to kill the parasite in the reservoir host?

A

Chemotherapy

46
Q

COMMON NAME OF CLONORCHIS SINENSIS

A

CHINESE LIVER FLUKE

47
Q

FAMILY OF CLONORCHIS SINENSIS

A

OPISTHORCHIIDAE

48
Q

CLONORCHIS SINENSIS IS A PARASITE OF THE _____ OF _____ AND ______.

A

CLONORCHIS SINENSIS IS A PARASITE OF THE BILE DUCT AND GALLBLADDER OF HUMANS AND FLESH-EATING MAMMALS

49
Q

AN IMPORTANT PARASITE OF HUMANS IN THE FAR EAST

A

CLONORCHIS SINENSIS

50
Q

LIVER FLUKE ENDEMIC IN CHINA, KOREA, JAPAN AND VIETNAM

A

CLONORCHIS SINENSIS

51
Q

SEVERITY OF THE FASCIOLIASIS DEPENDS ON?

A

THE NUMBER OF METACERCARIAE INGESTED

52
Q

ADULT CHLONORCHIS SINENSIS TEGUMENT IS ____

A

TEGUMENT IS TRANSPARENT

53
Q

DESCRIBE VENTRAL SUCKER OF CLONORCHIS

A

VENTRAL SUCKER OF CLONORCHIS IS SMALLER THAN THE ORAL SUCKER AND THAT SEEN IN FASCIOLA

54
Q

DESCRIBE TESTES OF CLONORCHiS

A

TESTES AR ELARGED AND HIGHLY BRANCHED, ARRANGED IN TANDEM IN POSTERIOR HALF OF THE BODY

55
Q

DESCRIBE VITELLARIA OF CLONORCHIS

A

VITELLARIA IS FOUND IN THE MIDDLE 3RD OF THE BODY AT THE LEVEL OF THE UTERUS

56
Q

WHAT IS THE MAIN DIFFERENCE OF CLONORCHIS WITH OPISTHORCHIS IN TERMS OF ADULT MORPHOLOGY?

A

CLONORCHIS TESTES ARE LARGE, HIGHLY BRANCHED ARRANGED IN TANDEM IN POSTERIOR HALF OF THE BODY.
OPSTHORCHIS TESTES ARE LOBATE AND ARRANGED OBLIQUELY.

57
Q

WHAT IS THE MAIN SIMILARITY OF CLONORCHIS WITH OPISTHORCHIS IN TERMS OF ADULT MORPHOLOGY?

A

BOTH CLONORCHIS AND OPISTHORCHIS VITELLARIA ARE FOUND IN THE MIDDLE 3RD OF THE BODY AT THE LEVEL OF THE UTERUS

58
Q

2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FASCIOLA AND OPISTHORCHIDAE IN TERMS OF LIFE CYCLE

A

iN FASCIOLA, EGG IS PASSED UNEMBRYONATED. IN CLONORCHIS AND OPISTHORCHIS, EGG IS PASSED FULLY EMBRYONATED.

IN FASCIOLA EGG MATURES IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND RELEASES THE MIRACIDIUM TO FIND A SNAIL. IN CLONORCHIS AND OPSITHORCHIS, THE EGG HAS TO BE INGESTED BY THE SNAIL TO RELEASE THE MIRACIDIUM

59
Q

1ST INTERMEDIATE HOST OF CLONORCHIS

A 
Parafossarulus
-P. manchouricus
-P. anomaloispiralis
-P. stratulus
Bulimus
-B. striatulus
Semisulcospira
Alocinma
-A. longicornis
Thiara
-T. granifera
Melanoides
-M. tuberculatus
60
Q

WHAT IS ONE VERY DISTINGUISH CHARACTERISTIC OF OPISTHORCHIDAE IN TERMS OF PATHOLOGY?

A

BOTH OF THEM HAVE A VERY STRONG ASSOCIATION WITH CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA PARTICULARLY OPISTHORCHIS

61
Q

2ND INTERMEDIATE HOST OF CLONORCHIS

A

Fresh water fish of the family Cyprinidae, Ctenopharyngodon idellus

62
Q

RESERVOIR HOST OF CLONORCHIS

A

fish-eating mammals (dogs, cats rats, pigs)

63
Q

NATURAL DEFINITIVE HOST OF CLONORCHIS

A

MAN

64
Q

WHAT IS THE LIVER FUNCTION TEST PROFILE OF A PX WITH CLONORCHIS?

A

LIVER FUNCTION IS IMPAIRED BUT SGPT AND SGOT ARE NORMAL.

65
Q

THIS PHASE OF CLONORCHIASIS INVOLVES DESQUAMATION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS

A

PHASE 1

66
Q

THIS PHASE OF CLONORCHIASIS INVOLVES HYPERPLASIA AND DESQUAMATION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS

A

PHASE 2

67
Q

THIS PHASE OF CLONORCHIASIS INVOLVES HYPERPLASIA, DESQUAMATION OF EPITHELIAL CELLS AND ADENOMATOUS TISSUE FORMATION

A

PHASE 3

68
Q

THIS PHASE OF CLONORCHIASIS INVOLVES MARKED PROLIFERATION OF THE PERIDUCTAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITH SCATTERED ABORTIVE ACINI AND FIBROSIS OF BILIARY DUCT

A

PHASE 4

69
Q

COMPLICATIONS OF CLONRCHIASIS

A

ACUTE SUPPURATIVE CHOLANGITIS
CHOLECYSTITIS
HEPATITIS
PANCREATITIS

70
Q

CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA ASSOCIATED WITH CLONORCHIASIS IS PREDOMINANTLY IN WHAT PART?

A

IN THE PROXIMAL PART OF THE EXTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCT

71
Q

HOW TO DIAGNOSE OPISTHORCHIDAE INFECTION?

A

STOOL EXAMINATION: EMBRYONATED EGGS

72
Q

THIS TEST could be used as an immunoreagent in the serodiagnosis for chlonorchiasis

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK)

73
Q

THIS TEST IS reported to have a high degree of sensitivity and a moderate degree of specificity for the serodiagnosis of clonorchiasis

A

ELISA with crude extracts of adult C. sinensis

74
Q

THIS TEST IS Indicated to be a sensitive and highly specific immunodiagnostic assay for serodiagnosis of human clonorchiasis

A

Cystatin capture ELISA

75
Q

THIS TEST IS:

  • Used to define the spread of clonorchiasis
  • Efficient in seroepidemiological surveys
  • Recommended for wide application in clinical and epidemiological ractice in the foci of the disease
A

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and Coproovoscopy

76
Q

DOC FOR CLONORCHIASIS AND ITS AE

A

CHLOROQUINE DIPHOSPHATE

- OPTIC NEUROPATHY

77
Q

CLONORCHIASIS DRUG WITH 96% cure rate and 99% egg reduction rate

A

PRAZIQUANTEL

78
Q

CLONORCHIASIS DRUG FOR light and moderate infection

A

Praziquantel-Albendazole

79
Q

For heavy infections complicated by obstructive jaundice: (CLONORCHIASIS TX)

A
  • Cholecystectomy with choledocholithotomy
  • Exploration of the common duct
  • Drainage procedure such as sphincteroplasty or choledochoduodenostomy
  • Extract from aspen bark displayed highest antiopisthorchiatic activity (Active fractions contained salicin & its derivatives; ”low toxic substances”)
80
Q

ALSO KNOWN AS CAT LIVER FLUKE

A

OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS

81
Q

OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS IS ENDEMIC IN WHICH COUNTRIES?

A

KOREA, USSR COUNTRIES, TURKEY, EUROPE, JAPAN, INDIA, VIETNAM (KUTE JIV)

82
Q

NATURAL DEFINITIVE HOST OF OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS

A

CATS, DOGS, FOX, WOLVES, SEALS, FISH-EATING MAMMALS

83
Q

MAN IS WHAT KIND OF HOST IN OPISTHORCHUS FELINEUS INFECTION

A

ACCIDENTAL FINAL HOST

84
Q

DESCRIBE ADULT WORM OF OPISTHORCHUS FELINEUS

A 
SHORTER THAN CLONORCHIS SINENSIS
LANCET-SHAPED
SMALL, LOBED ANTERIOR OVARIES, ALMOST MIDLINE
LOBATE, OBLIQUE TESTES
VITELLARIA AT MID 1/3
INTRICATELY COILED UTERINE TUBE
VENTRAL SUCKER = ORAL SUCKER
85
Q

1ST INTERMEDIATE HOST OF OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS

A

AMNICOLID SNAIL
BITHYNIA (BULIMUS)
LEACHI

86
Q

2ND INTERMEDIATE HOST OF OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS

A 
FRESHWATER FISH (CYPRINOID FISH) (SIMILAR WITH METAGONIMUS YOKOGAWAI)
CYPRINUS CARPIO
87
Q

PATHOLOGY OF OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS

A

CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA

HEAVY INFECTIONS CAN CAUSE PANCREATITIS AND MALABSORPTION

88
Q

SITE OF EXCYSTMENT OF OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS

A

DUODENUM

89
Q

DIAGNOSIS: OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS

A

EGG IN FECES, BILE OR DUODENAL ASPIRATION

  • EGG MORE ELONGATED, THINNER
  • WITH POINTED TERMINAL KNOB/SPINE AT POSTERIOR
  • LESS PROMINENT RIM AND OPERCULUM
90
Q

TREATMENT: OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS

A

PRAZIQUANTEL

91
Q

OTHER NAME OF OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI

A

SOUTHEAST ASIAN LIVER FLUKE

92
Q

NATURAL DEFINITIVE HOST OF OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI

A

CIVET CAT

CAT, DOG, SEALS, FISH-EATING MAMMALS

93
Q

MAN IS WHAT KIND OF HOST IN OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI INFECTION

A

ACCIDENTAL FINAL HOST

94
Q

ADULT WORM MORPHOLOGY OF OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI

A
  • GREATER PROXIMITY OF ITS OVARY AND TESTES, DEEPLY LOBULATED
  • AGGREGATION OF VITELLARIA:CLUSTERED GRANULAR MATERIAL
  • ELONGATED ESOPHAGUS
  • VITELLARIA AT MID 1/3 AT LEVEL OF UTERUS
95
Q

1ST INTERMEDIATE HOST OF OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI

A

SNAIL:
BITHYNIA FUNICULATE
BITHYNIA LAEVIS
BITHYNIA GONIOMPHALUS

96
Q

2ND INTERMEDIATE HOST OF OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI

A

FRESHWATER FISH (CYPRIDAE, COBITIDAE)

  • PUNTEUS OEPHOIDES
  • HAMPALA DISPAR
  • CYCLOCHEILICHTHYS SIAJA
97
Q

PATHOLOGY OF OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI

A

CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA

HEAVY INFECTIONS CAN CAUSE PANCREATITIS AND MALABSORPTION

98
Q

SITE OF EXCYSTMENT OF OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI

A

DUODENUM

99
Q

COMPARE EGG OF OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS WITH OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRI

A

EGGS ARE SHORTER AND BROADED WITH O. VIVERRI

100
Q

TREATMENT: OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRI

A

PRAZIQUANTEL

101
Q

DISTRIBUTION OF O. VIVERRI

A

LAOS, MALAYSIA, UDOM, NORTHEASTERN THAILAND

102
Q

LANCET LIVER FLUKE

A

DICROCOELIUM DENDRITICUM

103
Q

NATURAL DEFINITIVE HOST OF D. DENDRITICUM

A

SHEEP, HERBIVORES, BIRDS, CATS, FOXES, MAMMALS

104
Q

MAN IS WHAT KIND OF HOST IN D. DENDRITICUM INFECTION?

A

ACCIDENTAL FINAL HOST

105
Q

ADULT WORM MORPHOLOGY OF D. DENDRITICUM

A
  • SLENDER, LANCET-SHAPED, TRANSPARENT
  • ACETABULUM AT 2/5
  • TESTES MORE ANTERIOR THAN OVARIES
  • VITELLARIA AT MID 1/3
  • VOLUMINOUS UTERINE COILS
106
Q

1ST INTERMEDIATE HOST OF D. DENDRITICUM

A

LAND SNAIL

  • ABIDA
  • COCHLICOPA
  • HELICELLA
  • ZEBRINA
107
Q

2ND INTERMEDIATE HOST

A

ANT - FORMICA FUSCA

108
Q

PATHOLOGY OF DICROCOELIUM DENDRITICUM

A

LESS PRONOUNCED HEPATIC CHANGES IN MAN

SLIME BALLS BECOME METACERCARIAE

109
Q

EGGS OF DICROCOELIUM DENDRITICUM

A

DEEPL;Y BROWN EGGS, OVAL, THICK-SHELLED, OPERCULATED, RESEMBLES ASCARIS

110
Q

TREATMENT: D. DENDRITICUM

A

PRAZIQUANTEL

111
Q

DISTRIBUTION OF D. DENDRITICUM

A

ASIA, AFRICA, EUROPE, NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA

Parasitology (4 decks)

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