Liver And Pancreas Flashcards
What percentage of BW is a normal dog liver?
3%
What species normally has fibrous tissue outline liver lobes?
Pigs
Why are centrolobular hepatocytes most vulnerable to decreases in blood oxygen?
They receive blood last in hepatic blood flow, so a small decrease in oxygen can result in hypoxia
What are the clinical signs of liver disease?
Bleeding Jaundice Ascites Neuro issues Slow recovery from anesthesia Photosensitization
What causes hyperbilirubinemia?
Increased production (hemolysis, congenital defect) Decreased excretion (hepatic dysfunction, cholestasis)
What are some things that cause intravascular hemolysis?
Lepto
Babesia
Acetaminophen
Snake venom
What are some things that cause extravascular hemolysis?
Cytauxzoon
Mycoplasma
IMHA
Neoplasia
What are alcoholic feces?
White feces caused by biliary obstruction
What are causes of extrahepatic cholestasis?
Choleliths
Cholecystitis
Biliary neoplasia
Mucocele
Why does pancreatitis cause cholestasis?
Inflammation in pancreas causes obstruction
What might be a cause of a severely enlarge bile duct?
Pancreatic neoplasia
T/F? Cystic mucosal hyperplasia in gall bladder is an incidental finding
True
Polycystic kidney disease is common in what type of animals?
Short-faced cats
What causes “nutmeg liver”?
Fibrosis caused by chronic passive congestion
A liver from an animal with HCM may have what characteristic?
Eccentuated reticular pattern
Why is infarction uncommon in the liver?
Dual blood supply
What are the two types of portosystemic shunts?
Intrahepatic and extrahepatic
Intrahepatic portosystemic shunts are most commonly found in what animals?
Large breed dogs
Failure of ductus venous to close
Extrahepatic portosystemic shunts are usually found in what animals?
Small breed dogs
What are common manifestation of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts?
Portal vein to azygous
Portal vein to vena cava
Gastric vein to vena cava
Atresia of portal vein
What are the clinical signs associated with portosystemic shunts?
Depression, anorexia, vomiting, CNS signs
Decreased BUN, elevated ammonia
How do you treat a portosystemic shunt?
Don’t ligate! (Will cause portal hypertension)
Sx- ameroid constrictor that slowly squeezes vessel shut
What causes microhepatica?
Congenital
Shuts
What causes an acquired portosystemic shunt?
Chronic hepatic injury with diffuse fibrosis
Ascites
Usually characterized by multiple small vessels
What is telangiectasis?
Dilation of sinusoids where hepatocytes are lost
T/F? Steroid hepatopathy is an incidental finding
True
What causes physiologic hepatic lipidosis?
Late pregnancy
Lactation
What causes pathologic hepatic lipidosis?
Increased synthesis of fatty acids, triglycerides Increased lipolysis and uptake of FFA Decreased fatty acid oxidation Decreased apoprotein synthesis Decreased lipoprotein excretion
What is cirrhosis?
Fibrosis and nodular regeneration
What are some causes of cirrhosis?
CHRONIC LIVER DAMAGE- chronic anticonvulsant use, NSAIDs, CCl4, infectious canine hepatitis
What causes random hepatic lesions?
Anything spread by bloodstream
What causes centrolobular hepatic lesions?
Toxins, HW, hypoxia
What causes midzonal hepatic lesions?
Steroid hepatopathy
What causes periportal hepatic lesions?
PA (horses)
What causes massive hepatic lesions?
Theiler’s disease (horses)
Blue-green algae (dogs)
What things might cause white nodules on liver?
Necrobacillosis
Tuberculosis
If an animal has many tiny areas of inflammation on liver and kidney, what would you suspect?
Lepto
If a dog has corneal edema and speculation indentation of liver, what would you suspect?
Infectious canine adenovirus 1
If a cat has high globulins on bloodwork and then white/tan foci on liver and spleen, and fluid in abdomen, what would you suspect?
FIP
What type of toxins produce consistent hepatotoxicity?
Intrinsic toxins
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, aflatoxins
What kind of toxins produce sporadic hepatotoxicity??
Idiosyncratic toxins
NSAIDs, anesthetics, anticonvulsants
What is biotransformation?
Toxins being processed by liver
May actually activate some toxins (bioactivation)
What does a liver with PA toxicity look like?
Green
Fibrotic
Biliary hyperplasia
What breeds are predisposed to copper toxicosis?
Bedlington Terriers
What would you suspect in a sheep with “gun metal gray” kidneys and hemoglobinuria?
Copper toxicosis
Epithelial cell cancer?
Carcinomas
Mesenchymal cell cancer?
Sarcomas
A hepatic mass with distinct borders from tissue and umbilication is probably what?
Biliary carcinoma
Dark red, blood-filled masses are most likely what?
Hemangiosarcomas
What is tension lipidosis?
An incidental finding
where liver attaches to diaphragm and produces tension
Part of liver will be normal, and the part that attaches to diaphragm will be paler
What causes capsular fibrosis “milk spot liver”?
Ascarid migration
Liver will be condemned for human consumption
