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Systemic Pathology Exam 1 > Bone And Muscle > Flashcards

Bone And Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two different types of bone formation?

A

Endochondral (long bones, require growth plates)

Intramembranous (flat bones, no growth plate)

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2
Q

What are the steps of intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. Ossification center begins in fibrous connective tissue membrane
  2. Osteoid is secreted into fibrous membrane- entrapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
  3. Formation of woven bone and periosteum
  4. Formation of final layer of compact bone
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3
Q

What does growth plate function require?

A

Amgiogenesis

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4
Q

How do you classify a fracture?

A

“OLD ACID”

Open vs closed
Location
Degree (complete vs incomplete)

Articular extension
Comminution/pattern
Intrinsic bone quality
Displacement, angulation, rotation

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5
Q

What are the steps of fracture healing?

A
  1. Hematoma
  2. Fibrocartilagenous callus
  3. Bony callus
  4. Remodeling
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6
Q

What are salter fractures?

A

Fractures through a growth plate
Can induce growth deformities
Classified by the fracture location

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7
Q

What are the different types of salter fractures?

A

1- fracture straight through growth plate
2- fracture through and above growth plate
3- fracture through and below growth plate
4- fracture above and below growth plate
5- growth plate crushed

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8
Q

What are the different types of bone dysphasia?

A 
Craniomandibular osteopathy
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Osteopetrosis
Chondrodysplasia
Osteoporosis
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9
Q

What is craniomandibular osteopathy?

A 
"Lion jaw"
Bony proliferation of mandible
Primarily seen in westies and scotties
Autosomal recessive
3-7 moths, stops at 11-13 months
Causes pain, difficulty eating/drinking
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10
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Defect in matrix synthesis (type 1 collagen)

Characterized by excessive bone fragility, pathologic fractures

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11
Q

What is osteopetrosis?

A

Failure of bone remodeling

Results in increased bone density

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12
Q

What is chondrodysplasia?

A

Not just one syndrome

Achondroplasia , disproportionate dwarfism

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13
Q

Osteoporosis?

A

Bone loss (restoration > formation)
Disuse, malnutrition, corticosteroids
Susceptible to fracture

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14
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

Decreased number of trabeculae

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15
Q

What are 3 metabolic bone diseases?

A

Scurvy
Fibrous osteodystrophy
Rickets

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16
Q

What is scurvy?

A

Only in species lacking L-gluconolactone oxidase (guinea pigs)
Lack of vitamin C->
Decreased lysine and proline hydroxylation in collagen ->
Impaired collagen synthesis ->
Weakened vessel walls and physeal cartilage deformity ->
Periarticular hemorrhage and osteochodrodysplasia

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17
Q

What causes fibrous osteodystrophy?

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

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18
Q

What is primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Functional parathyroid adenomas
Or
Parathyroid hyperplasia

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19
Q

What causes secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Ca:P imbalance in feed
Kidney disease

(Rubber jaw)

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20
Q

What is rickets?

A

Defect in endochondral ossification in young animals caused by deficiency of vitamin D or phosphorous

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21
Q

What is hypertrophic osteoPATHY

A

Has pathology!
Periosteum proliferation
Due to intrathoracic mass
Joints NOT involved

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22
Q

What is hypertrophic osteoDYSTROPHY?

A

Bone disease of young dogs characterized by
“Double physeal line”
Acute inflammation in the primary spongiosa
Necrosis of osteoblasts

Dogs will be lame

23
Q

What is eosinophilic panosteitis?

A

Patchy radiodensity in medullary cavity, especially around nutrient foramen

Presents as shifting leg lameness

24
Q

What is Legg-Perthes disease?

A

Avascular necrosis of femoral head
Small breed dogs (especially toy poodles)
Occurs prior to physeal closure (4-11 months)

25
Q

What are some possible causes of osteomyelitis?

A

Surgery
Penetrating wound
Fractures
Hematogenous spread

26
Q

Strophic rhinitis is associated with what bacteria?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica and pasteurella multocida

27
Q

What is osteochondromatosis?

A

Benign growth at growth palate that grows with skeleton
Uncommon
Seen in younger cats

28
Q

What are diseases of the syovium?

A

Hypertrophy

Pannus

29
Q

What is pannus?

A

Granulation tissue on articular surface that can damage underlying cartilage and progress to ankylosis

30
Q

What is fibrillation of cartilage?

A

Formation of vertical clefts in cartilage

Dull, yellow-brown color

31
Q

What is eburnation?

A

Polishing of exposed subchondral bone

32
Q

What are the two types or arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis

Inflammatory arthritis

33
Q

What causes inflammatory arthritis?

A 
Acute infections (penetrating wounds, septicemia)
Chronic infections (immune-mediated, viruses, untreated acute arthritis
34
Q

Arthritis in a goat is probably caused by

A

Caprine arthritis encephalitis

35
Q

What causes osteoarthritis?

A

Decreased proteoglycan synthesis

Increased metalloenzyme synthesis (degrades proteoglycans)

36
Q

What is osteochondritis dessicans?

A

Osteochondrosis where a cartilaginous flap breaks off and goes into joint

37
Q

If an aggressive lesion crosses joint, it is probably

A

Synovial cell sarcoma

38
Q

What is intervertebral disc disease?

A

Annulus fibrosis cracks, tears, or ruptures releasing nucleus purposes
Types:
1- sudden
2- gradual

39
Q

What is dural ossification?

A

“Ossifying pachymeningitis” - bone in dura

Generally incidental

40
Q

What is hip dysplasia?

A

Typically a disease of large breed dogs (“bunny hopping”

Degenerative, noninflammatory deformation of joints causing subluxation of femoral heads

41
Q

What is elbow dysplasia?

A

Disease of large breed dogs (especially german shepherds)
Degenerative, non-inflammatory
Ununited anconeal process
Fragmented medial coronoid process

42
Q

What are characteristics of normal skeletal muscle?

A

Myofibers
Peripheral nuclei
Striations
High blood supply

43
Q

What are the types of muscle fibers?

A

Type 1- slow twitch, large numbers of mitochondria, postural and sustained activity
Type 2- fast twitch, fewer mitochondria, rapid activity

44
Q

How are muscle injuries classified?

A

Distribution= focal or multifocal

Timeline- monophasic or polyphasic

45
Q

How does muscle respond to injury?

A 
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Degeneration
Necrosis (+/- calcification)
Regeneration
Fibrosis
46
Q

What is muscle degeneration caused by, what does it look like, and what are examples?

A

Caused by decreased blood flow
Muscle looks pale
Downer cow, post-anesthetic myopathy in horses

47
Q

What are types and examples of myositis?

A

Bacterial - clostridium, abscesses

Parasitic - toxoplasma, trichinella, sarcosystis

Autoimmiune- lupus, polymyositis, purpura hemorrhagica

48
Q

If muscle looks black with gas pockets, what would you suspect?

A

Clostridium

49
Q

If muscle has white streaks, what would you suspect?

A

Sarcocystis

50
Q

What is masticatory muscle myositis (MMM)?

A

Unilateral atrophy of masticatory muscle

51
Q

What are some congenital myopathies?

A 
Malignant hyperthermia
Muscular dystrophy
Equine rhabdomyolysis
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
Fainting goat syndrome
Splayleg
52
Q

What are some nutritional myopathies?

A

Malnutrition- atrophy

Vitamin E/selenium deficiency - white muscle disease

53
Q

Mines in toxicity is most commonly seen in what species?

A

Horses

54
Q

What are neoplasias of skeletal muscle?

A

Rhabodomyoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Systemic Pathology Exam 1 (4 decks)

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