Liver

Question 1

What are the four cells in the lobule?

Answer 1

Kuppfer, endothelial cells, stellate (ego), hepatocytes

Question 2

Size of triad

Answer 2

Vein>bile>lymph>artery

Question 3

What holds the basement membrane together?

Answer 3

Reticular fibers

Question 4

What are two characteristics of the sinusoidal capillaries that make them different?

Answer 4

1. Really big 2. Holes`

Question 5

Where does blood go in the liver?

Answer 5

out of the veins, through the sinusoids, hepatocytes and through the kipper cells

Question 6

Where does the central vein drain into?

Answer 6

Central vein goes to the hepatic vein into the vena cava

Question 7

What is the area between the hepatocytes and hepatocytes?

Answer 7

Space of Disse

Question 8

Bile cannuliculi is made of of what?

Answer 8

Hepatocytes

Question 9

Zona occludins are where?

Answer 9

between the bile cannuliculi

Question 10

Carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 10

1. storage of large amounts of glycogen
2. conversion of galatose and fructose to glucose
3. gluconeogenesis
   formation of many chemical compounds from intermediate products of carb metabolism

Question 11

Protein metabolism

Answer 11

1. Deamination of amino acids
2. Formation of urea for removal of ammonia from the body fluids
3. Formation of plasma proteins
4. interconversion of various amino acids and synthesis of other compounds from amino acids

Question 12

Fat metabolism

Answer 12

1. oxidation of fatty acids to supply energy for other body functions.
2. synthesis of large quantities of cholesterol, phospholipids, lipoproteins
3. synthesis of fat from proteins and carbohydrates

Question 13

Other functions of the liver

Answer 13

1. storage site for vitamins (AD B12)
2. stores iron as ferritin
3. forms coagulation factors
4. removes drugs

Question 14

Overall protein concentration in lymph is?

Answer 14

Half of blood. Liver makes lymph that is 100% protein of blood, body make protein free lymph.

Question 15

Liver has a lot of what?

Answer 15

ROUGH ER, making proteins for transport!

Question 16

As blood gets closer to the central vein what happens?

Answer 16

It loses its oxygen. Also central lobular cells are at risk.

Question 17

What is pro albumin?

Answer 17

We can use it to make amino acids or albumin (we can use albumin as glucose or break it down as AA) if we need it

Question 18

Bilirubin gets secreted into what?

Answer 18

Bile cannuliculi which goes into bile ducts then into duodenum.

Question 19

Conjugation means what?

Answer 19

We stick a glucaronic acid onto the bilirubin

Question 20

When breaking down a RBC what happens?

Answer 20

Hemoglobin breaks to Heme and Globin. We take out the iron in the heme and are left with the biliverdin, this is turned into unconjucated bilirubin, its carried to the liver b albumin to be conjugated. Then its excreted with bile in the stools as stercobilirubin or urobilirubin.

Question 21

How do we make cholesterol?

Answer 21

We start with a fat, take off 2 carbons at a time, make an acetate, then add two carbons at a time. We can make modifications to it and make bile acids, vitamin D, estrogen

Question 22

VLDL is made by the

Answer 22

Liver

Question 23

In the intestines, we absorb fat how?

Answer 23

in chylomicrons

Question 24

Size of cholesterol

Answer 24

Chylomicrons > VLDL > LDL > HDL

As it gets smaller, so does the fat percentage

Question 25

Endothelial cells grab out the triglycerides and free fatty acids by using what enzyme?

Answer 25

lipoprotein lipase

Question 26

What converts VLDL to LDL

Answer 26

endothelial cells

Question 27

Once the ___ is small enough, it can be absorbed by the endothelial cells themselves?

Answer 27

LDL

Question 28

What do the apoproteins do?

Answer 28

receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 29

What makes HDL?

Answer 29

LIVER