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Inflammation block > Liver 2 > Flashcards

Liver 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of jaundice

A
  1. ) PREHEPATIC JAUNDICE
  2. )HEPATIC JAUNDICE
  3. )POST HEPATIC JAUNDICE
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2
Q

What is the cause of pre-hepatic jaundice

A

-Anything that increases the rate of hemolysis

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3
Q

Where does unconjugated bilirubin come from?

A

The breakdown of the heme pigment found in the RBCs haemoglobin

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4
Q

What are the causes of hepatic jaundice

A
  • cirrhosis
  • viral hepatitis
  • tumors
  • drugs
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5
Q

What are the causes of post hepatic jaundice?

A

gallstones
Cancer of bile ducts:
-carcinoma of head of the pancreas
-Carcinoma of ampulla of vater

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6
Q

What is the ampulla of vater

A

formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct

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7
Q

How can we classify the problems that arise with the plumbing of the liver

A
  • The plumbing of the liver consists of bile ducts

- Problems can be classified as benign or malignant

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8
Q

What may alcoholic liver disease (ALD) be known as

A

-Disease of the young

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9
Q

What are the normal bilirubin levels?

A

17.1-20.5micromol/L

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10
Q

What are the normal alkaline phophate levels?

A

44-147U/L

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11
Q

What are the normal ALT levels?

A

40/45U/L

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12
Q

What are the normal albumin levels

A

35-55g/L

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13
Q

What does a low albumin level indicate

A

less protein is being synthesised than normal

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14
Q

What is ERCP

A
  • Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
  • Enables examination of the pancreatic and bile ducts
  • Looks like a CT scan;contrast is injected
  • You put a plastic metal stent inside,allowing for expansion.It is covered with plastic so that it doesn’t get stuck in their forever. This allows the bile to drain away
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15
Q

What is non-hodgkin lymphoma

A
  • A form of malignant lymphoma distinguished from Hodgkin’s disease only by the absence of binucleate giant cells
  • Develops when the body makes abnormal B cells called lymphoma cells
  • The lymphoma cells usually build up in lymph nodes, but they can affect other parts of the body
  • Different types eg diffuse large B-cell type which is an aggressive lymphoma
  • classified by the type of lymphocyte involved
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16
Q

What are the signs of chronic liver disease?

A
  • spider naevi

- Dupytren’s contractures

17
Q

What may abdominal swelling be caused by

A
  • Fetus
  • Fat
  • Fluid
  • Faeces
  • Flatus
18
Q

What is caput medusae

A
  • The appearance of distended or engorged superficial epigastric veins
  • May be a sign of portal hypertension. Caused by dilation of the paraumbilical veins, which carry oxygenated blood from mother to fetus in utero and normally close within one week of birth, becoming re-canalised due to portal hypertension caused by liver failure
19
Q

What is acutely decompensated cirrhosis

A

The development of jaundice, ascites, variceal haemorrhage or hepatic encephalopathy
-Survival is poor and pts should be considered for liver transplantation

20
Q

Outline the Child-Pugh classification of cirrhosis

A

5 Factors include:

  • serum biliribun
  • serum albumin
  • Prothrombin time
  • Ascites
  • Hepatic encephalopathy
  • each factor is awarded a score of 1-3 with 3 being the worst according to certain values
  • The max score is 15 (the worst)
21
Q

Outline a liver screen consists of

A
  • Aim to exclude other causes as well
  • For chronic liver disease

includes. ..
- abdominal ultrasounds
- autoimmune screen (IgM/IgG/IgA, ANA, anti-LKM antibodies, anti-mitochondrial abs, anti-smooth muscle abs
- Caeruloplasmin (<40yrs)
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin
- Transferrin saturation
- Hepatitis (Hep A IgG, Hep B sAg, Hep C IgG)

22
Q

How can we summarise alcoholic hepatitis

A

-Toxic inflammation

23
Q

What is prednisolone used for

A

-A steroid used to treat certain types of allergies, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune disorders and cancers

24
Q

What is banding of varices?

A

Endoscopic therapy is a way of preventing and treating variceal bleeding without the requirement for surgery.
-Most common procedure= endoscopic variceal banding (or ligation), rubber bands are placed around varices in the esophagus through a flexible endoscope which is used to visualize the vessels.

25
Q

What is hepatic hydrothorax?

A

‘white out’

-Basically ascites in the pleural space

26
Q

What is a tonic-clonic seizure?

A

disturbance in the functioning of both sides of your brain

-Combo of a tonic seizure and a clonic seizure

27
Q

What is a clonic seizure?

A

Rhythmic twitching or jerking of one or several muscles

28
Q

What is a tonic seizure

A
  • Sudden stiffening and contraction of the muscles

- Loss of muscle tone

29
Q

What is acute-on-chronic liver failure?

A

A syndrome where acute decompensation of chronic liver disease and high organ failure

Inflammation block (27 decks)

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