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PATH300 > Liver > Flashcards

Liver Flashcards

1
Q

what are kupffer cells?

A

phagocytic cells in the liver

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2
Q

how

A

no basement membrane, fenestrations allows circulation

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3
Q

3 broad functions of the liver

A

biotransformation, storage, synthesis

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4
Q

other liver functions

A

regulate blood glucose, metabolizes aa, excrets bilirubim, controls absorption through blood

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5
Q

what is alcoholic liver disease

A
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6
Q

what is the frequency of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

A

30%.
70% of diabetic ppl

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7
Q

what correlates with fatty liver?

A

increase of obesity

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8
Q

stages of NAFLD

A

fatty liver -> Steatosis -> NASH -> cirrhosis

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9
Q

what risks do NASH increase?

A

death, live-related mortality, cardiovascular diseases

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10
Q

how can we prevent NAFLD?

A

lifestyle!! there is no effective drugs

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11
Q

symptoms of NAFLD?

A

stellate cells fibrosis, kupffer cells inflammation

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12
Q

what causes NAFLD?

A

leaky gut: ROS, bacteria, LPA, can enter the liver and increase the inflammatory processes

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13
Q

what can NAFLD progress to?

A

cancer

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14
Q

pathway to bilirubin production in liver

A

hemoglobin -> biliverdin -> bilirubin

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15
Q

what causes jaundice?

A

too much unconjugated bilirubin; it gets deposited in the skin

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16
Q

why does unconjugated bilirubin get deposited in tissue?

A

because it is not water soluble

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17
Q

what is extrahepatic biliary obstruction? what can cause it? can it be cured?

A

bile duct obstruction causing accumulation of conjugated bilirubin. can be caused by gall stone. can be reversible by surgery.

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18
Q

what is cholastasis?

A

bile stops flowing

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19
Q

what is biliary artesia?

A
20
Q

what is gilbert’s syndrome?

A

mutations in promoter of UGT gene that reduces transcription glucoronyl transferase. cause jaundice

21
Q

how many people are affected by Gilbert’s syndrome?

A

5-10%; mostly adults.
it comes and goes under stress

22
Q

what is the danger with neonatal jaundice

A

kernicterus: unconjugated bilirubin passes through blood-brain barrier and deposits in the brain

23
Q

why is it common for babies

A

lots of unconjugated bilirubin; not a lot of albumin to bind bilirubin because the synthesis availability in the liver is still low

24
Q

how do you catch hepatitis A?

A

through stool. spreads through water, sexual activity, hand contact.

25
Q

how does hepatitis A virus gets to stool?

A

through the GI tract and then liver

26
Q

what is the outcome of Hepatitis A?

A

liver can totally recover. maybe some areas of necrosis and inflammation left over.

27
Q

how do you catch hepatitis B?

A

so easily. found in everything humans leave behind.

28
Q

what is a peculiar feature of hepatitis B?

A

it makes extra non-infectious parcticles. decoys the host immune response, allowing more viral particles to escape

29
Q

what does chronic hepatitis cause?

A

cirrhosis and cancer.
regenerative nodules causing tumors

30
Q

what is the immune response against hepatitis?

A

CTL clearance of infe

31
Q

what are the potential outcomes of hepatitis B?

A

subclinical curable disease, acute hepatitis (can die), chronic hepatitis (causes carcinoma and death)

32
Q

how is chronic hepatitis caused?

A

antibodies in immune response are inadequate -> virus keeps reproducing.

33
Q

what % of liver cancer is due to hepatitis B?

A

80%

34
Q

what is the most common disease among intravenous users?

A

hepatitis C

35
Q

what is the danger with hepatitis C?

A

it oftens becomes chronic

36
Q

progression of hepatitis C

A

exposure (acute phase; 15% resolve) -> chronic (stable) -> cirrhosis (slowly progressive) -> liver transplant, or death

37
Q

what does hepatitis D need to infect someone?

A

needs hepatitis B surface envelop to reproduce itself

38
Q

what happens with hepatitis D

A

a lot of necrosis. worst hepatitis

39
Q

what do hepatitis A and E have in common?

A

they are both spread by fecal-oral method, and can recover from both.
big epidemics in big countries

40
Q

who has a very high risk of dying from hepatitis D?

A

pregnant women

41
Q

what are the risk factors for hepatocitis carcinoma or smtg

A
42
Q

how do gallstones happen?

A

stones in the gallbladder

43
Q

where are liver secretion stored?

A

gallbladder

44
Q

how can you get rid of gallstones?

A

surgery or lithotripsy (external strategies)

45
Q

who are most at risk of gallstones

A

obese people

PATH300 (10 decks)

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