Liver

Question 1

what are kupffer cells?

Answer 1

phagocytic cells in the liver

Question 2

how

Answer 2

no basement membrane, fenestrations allows circulation

Question 3

3 broad functions of the liver

Answer 3

biotransformation, storage, synthesis

Question 4

other liver functions

Answer 4

regulate blood glucose, metabolizes aa, excrets bilirubim, controls absorption through blood

Question 5

what is alcoholic liver disease

Question 6

what is the frequency of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Answer 6

30%.
70% of diabetic ppl

Question 7

what correlates with fatty liver?

Answer 7

increase of obesity

Question 8

stages of NAFLD

Answer 8

fatty liver -> Steatosis -> NASH -> cirrhosis

Question 9

what risks do NASH increase?

Answer 9

death, live-related mortality, cardiovascular diseases

Question 10

how can we prevent NAFLD?

Answer 10

lifestyle!! there is no effective drugs

Question 11

symptoms of NAFLD?

Answer 11

stellate cells fibrosis, kupffer cells inflammation

Question 12

what causes NAFLD?

Answer 12

leaky gut: ROS, bacteria, LPA, can enter the liver and increase the inflammatory processes

Question 13

what can NAFLD progress to?

Answer 13

cancer

Question 14

pathway to bilirubin production in liver

Answer 14

hemoglobin -> biliverdin -> bilirubin

Question 15

what causes jaundice?

Answer 15

too much unconjugated bilirubin; it gets deposited in the skin

Question 16

why does unconjugated bilirubin get deposited in tissue?

Answer 16

because it is not water soluble

Question 17

what is extrahepatic biliary obstruction? what can cause it? can it be cured?

Answer 17

bile duct obstruction causing accumulation of conjugated bilirubin. can be caused by gall stone. can be reversible by surgery.

Question 18

what is cholastasis?

Answer 18

bile stops flowing

Question 19

what is biliary artesia?

Question 20

what is gilbert’s syndrome?

Answer 20

mutations in promoter of UGT gene that reduces transcription glucoronyl transferase. cause jaundice

Question 21

how many people are affected by Gilbert’s syndrome?

Answer 21

5-10%; mostly adults.
it comes and goes under stress

Question 22

what is the danger with neonatal jaundice

Answer 22

kernicterus: unconjugated bilirubin passes through blood-brain barrier and deposits in the brain

Question 23

why is it common for babies

Answer 23

lots of unconjugated bilirubin; not a lot of albumin to bind bilirubin because the synthesis availability in the liver is still low

Question 24

how do you catch hepatitis A?

Answer 24

through stool. spreads through water, sexual activity, hand contact.

Question 25

how does hepatitis A virus gets to stool?

Answer 25

through the GI tract and then liver

Question 26

what is the outcome of Hepatitis A?

Answer 26

liver can totally recover. maybe some areas of necrosis and inflammation left over.

Question 27

how do you catch hepatitis B?

Answer 27

so easily. found in everything humans leave behind.

Question 28

what is a peculiar feature of hepatitis B?

Answer 28

it makes extra non-infectious parcticles. decoys the host immune response, allowing more viral particles to escape

Question 29

what does chronic hepatitis cause?

Answer 29

cirrhosis and cancer. regenerative nodules causing tumors

Question 30

what is the immune response against hepatitis?

Answer 30

CTL clearance of infe

Question 31

what are the potential outcomes of hepatitis B?

Answer 31

subclinical curable disease, acute hepatitis (can die), chronic hepatitis (causes carcinoma and death)

Question 32

how is chronic hepatitis caused?

Answer 32

antibodies in immune response are inadequate -> virus keeps reproducing.

Question 33

what % of liver cancer is due to hepatitis B?

Answer 33

80%

Question 34

what is the most common disease among intravenous users?

Answer 34

hepatitis C

Question 35

what is the danger with hepatitis C?

Answer 35

it oftens becomes chronic

Question 36

progression of hepatitis C

Answer 36

exposure (acute phase; 15% resolve) -> chronic (stable) -> cirrhosis (slowly progressive) -> liver transplant, or death

Question 37

what does hepatitis D need to infect someone?

Answer 37

needs hepatitis B surface envelop to reproduce itself

Question 38

what happens with hepatitis D

Answer 38

a lot of necrosis. worst hepatitis

Question 39

what do hepatitis A and E have in common?

Answer 39

they are both spread by fecal-oral method, and can recover from both. big epidemics in big countries

Question 40

who has a very high risk of dying from hepatitis D?

Answer 40

pregnant women

Question 41

what are the risk factors for hepatocitis carcinoma or smtg

Question 42

how do gallstones happen?

Answer 42

stones in the gallbladder

Question 43

where are liver secretion stored?

Answer 43

gallbladder

Question 44

how can you get rid of gallstones?

Answer 44

surgery or lithotripsy (external strategies)

Question 45

who are most at risk of gallstones

Answer 45

obese people