Liver Flashcards
what are kupffer cells?
phagocytic cells in the liver
how
no basement membrane, fenestrations allows circulation
3 broad functions of the liver
biotransformation, storage, synthesis
other liver functions
regulate blood glucose, metabolizes aa, excrets bilirubim, controls absorption through blood
what is alcoholic liver disease
what is the frequency of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
30%.
70% of diabetic ppl
what correlates with fatty liver?
increase of obesity
stages of NAFLD
fatty liver -> Steatosis -> NASH -> cirrhosis
what risks do NASH increase?
death, live-related mortality, cardiovascular diseases
how can we prevent NAFLD?
lifestyle!! there is no effective drugs
symptoms of NAFLD?
stellate cells fibrosis, kupffer cells inflammation
what causes NAFLD?
leaky gut: ROS, bacteria, LPA, can enter the liver and increase the inflammatory processes
what can NAFLD progress to?
cancer
pathway to bilirubin production in liver
hemoglobin -> biliverdin -> bilirubin
what causes jaundice?
too much unconjugated bilirubin; it gets deposited in the skin
why does unconjugated bilirubin get deposited in tissue?
because it is not water soluble
what is extrahepatic biliary obstruction? what can cause it? can it be cured?
bile duct obstruction causing accumulation of conjugated bilirubin. can be caused by gall stone. can be reversible by surgery.
what is cholastasis?
bile stops flowing
what is biliary artesia?
what is gilbert’s syndrome?
mutations in promoter of UGT gene that reduces transcription glucoronyl transferase. cause jaundice
how many people are affected by Gilbert’s syndrome?
5-10%; mostly adults.
it comes and goes under stress
what is the danger with neonatal jaundice
kernicterus: unconjugated bilirubin passes through blood-brain barrier and deposits in the brain
why is it common for babies
lots of unconjugated bilirubin; not a lot of albumin to bind bilirubin because the synthesis availability in the liver is still low
how do you catch hepatitis A?
through stool. spreads through water, sexual activity, hand contact.
how does hepatitis A virus gets to stool?
through the GI tract and then liver
what is the outcome of Hepatitis A?
liver can totally recover. maybe some areas of necrosis and inflammation left over.
how do you catch hepatitis B?
so easily. found in everything humans leave behind.
what is a peculiar feature of hepatitis B?
it makes extra non-infectious parcticles. decoys the host immune response, allowing more viral particles to escape
what does chronic hepatitis cause?
cirrhosis and cancer.
regenerative nodules causing tumors
what is the immune response against hepatitis?
CTL clearance of infe
what are the potential outcomes of hepatitis B?
subclinical curable disease, acute hepatitis (can die), chronic hepatitis (causes carcinoma and death)
how is chronic hepatitis caused?
antibodies in immune response are inadequate -> virus keeps reproducing.
what % of liver cancer is due to hepatitis B?
80%
what is the most common disease among intravenous users?
hepatitis C
what is the danger with hepatitis C?
it oftens becomes chronic
progression of hepatitis C
exposure (acute phase; 15% resolve) -> chronic (stable) -> cirrhosis (slowly progressive) -> liver transplant, or death
what does hepatitis D need to infect someone?
needs hepatitis B surface envelop to reproduce itself
what happens with hepatitis D
a lot of necrosis. worst hepatitis
what do hepatitis A and E have in common?
they are both spread by fecal-oral method, and can recover from both.
big epidemics in big countries
who has a very high risk of dying from hepatitis D?
pregnant women
what are the risk factors for hepatocitis carcinoma or smtg
how do gallstones happen?
stones in the gallbladder
where are liver secretion stored?
gallbladder
how can you get rid of gallstones?
surgery or lithotripsy (external strategies)
who are most at risk of gallstones
obese people
