Little more sleep

Question 1

general areas associated with wakefulness and REM

Answer 1

medulla; wakefulness
pons; REM
Midbrain and up; SWS

Question 2

Reticular formation

Answer 2

important in waking
Lesion; persistent sleep
Stimulation; rapid awakening

Question 3

subcoeruleus (aka peribrachial)

Answer 3

Part of the pons
Stimulation activates REM sleep
-> medulla -> spinal cord = muscle atonia
associated with REM Behaviour Disorder

Question 4

locus coeruleus

Answer 4

part of reticular formation
nuclei of norepinephrine
“blue region”

Question 5

locus coeruleus -> subcoeruleus

Answer 5

inhibits REM

Question 6

locus coeruleus -> telencephalon

Answer 6

heightened arousal

Blocking norepinephrine we can still remember traumatic events but they won’t be as salient

Question 7

raphe nuclei

Answer 7

Part of reticular formation
Induces sleepiness
Nuclei of of serotonin
“seam”

Question 8

raphe -> other RAS

Answer 8

decreased wakefulness (inhibitory)

Question 9

Raphe -> subcoeruleus

Answer 9

decreased REM (inhibitory)

Question 10

basal forebrain areas

Answer 10

ventral striatum, globus pallidue, nucleus basalis, septum

Question 11

reticular formation output and inputs

Answer 11

Output to thalamus

input and output to basal forebrain

Question 12

NTs effects on basal forebrain

Answer 12

GABA induces SWS
Acetylcholine induces wakefulness and REM
Adenosine receptors (product of ATP) makes you sleepier

Question 13

caffeine in the basal forebrain

Answer 13

blocks adenosine receptors and build up so sleepiness doesn’t occur

Question 14

tuberomammillary nucleus

Answer 14

part of hypothalamus
promotes wakefulness/arousal
release histamine

Question 15

basal forebrain -> tuberomammillary

Answer 15

inhibits with GABA neurons

Question 16

allergy drugs effects on wakefulness?

Answer 16

inhibit wakefulness

Question 17

lateral hypothalamus

Answer 17

neurons release orexin/hypocretin
project to all other sleep regions and stabilize states of sleep
lost in narcolepsy