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Church Fathers > Literature > Flashcards

Literature Flashcards

1
Q

Hesiod quote from Nicomachean Ethics,

bk. 1

A

Far best is he who knows all things himself;
Good, he that hearkens when men council right;
But he who neither knows, nor lays to heart Another’s wisdom, is a useless wight.

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2
Q

Aristotle quote about nobility

A

…nobility shines through when a man bears with resignation many great misfortunes, not through insensibility to pain but through nobility and greatness of soul.

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3
Q

sine qua non

A

essential condition

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4
Q

regula fidei

A

rule of faith

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5
Q

MAGNA EST VERITAS ET PRAEVALEBIT

A

Truth is mighty and will prevail

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6
Q

antinomianism

A

the view that Christians are released by grace from observing the moral law

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7
Q

theosophy

A

knowledge of God may be achieved through spiritual ecstasy, direct intuition, or special individual relations, especially the movement founded in 1875 as the Theosophical Society by Helena Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott (1832-1907)

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8
Q

“Theirs not to reason why,
Theirs not to make reply,
Theirs but to do and die.”

A

Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-1892) in his famous battle poem, “The Charge of the Light Brigade”

• English poet

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9
Q

OMNIUM URBIS ET ORBIS ECCLESIARUM MATER ET CAPUT

A

“Of all the churches in the city and the world, the mother and head”

• inscribed over the main entrance of the cathedral church of St. John Lateran in Rome

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10
Q

Who said, “He who does not know the Scriptures, does not know the power and wisdom of God; ignorance of the Bible is ignorance of Christ”?

A

St. Jerome in the Preface to his Commentary on Isaiah

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11
Q

What are the four undeniable laws of logic?

A
  • Law of non-contradiction
  • Law of the excluded middle
  • Law of identity
  • Law of rational inference
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12
Q

How is an ‘exclusive sentence’ (‘none but’ or ‘only’) to be rearranged so that it can be properly analyzed logically?

A

1) Change “none but” or “only” to “all”

2) switch the subject and predicate terms

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13
Q

Rearrange this proposition so that it can be properly analyzed: “Everyone except George became a Christian at last night’s meeting.”

A

• “All who are not George became a Christian at last night’s meeting”
(type A)

• “George is not someone who became a Christian at last night’s meeting”
(type E)

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14
Q

Which term of a categorical syllogism is never in the conclusion?

A

The middle term

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15
Q

How do you obvert a proposition?

A

In obversion we change the quality (affirmative or negative) without changing its meaning. So,

A obverts to E
E obverts to A
I obverts to O
O obverts to I

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16
Q

How do we convert a proposition?

A

We change the relation (order) of subject and predicate without changing its meaning

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17
Q

How do we contrapose a proposition?

A

First obvert the original statement; then, convert that statement; then, obvert that statement.

A contraposes to A
E and I do not contrapose
O contraposes to O

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18
Q

What are the three types of propositions used in a syllogism?

A

1) Hypothetical—“If this, then that”
2) Disjunctive—“Either this or that”
3) Categorical—“This is that”

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19
Q

What are the four parts of a categorical proposition?

A

Subject, Predicate, Copula and Quantifier

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20
Q

True or false: every syllogism is made up of propositions, and every proposition is made up of two terms?

A

True

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21
Q

What is the purpose of a syllogism?

A

It is the format used to put propositions together in order to analyze their relationships to see if they make sense

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22
Q

List all the forms of argument used in deductive logic

A
  • hypothetical syllogisms
  • disjunctive and conjunctive syllogisms
  • dilemmas
  • enthymemes (abbreviations)
  • sorites (heaps)
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23
Q

How many terms do hypothetical syllogisms contain?

A

Two

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24
Q

What type of syllogism are hypothetical, disjunctive/conjunctive, dilemmas, and sorites?

A

Compound syllogisms

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25
Q

Put this sentence in logical form:

‘Everyone except Christians are condemned’

A

• All who are not Christians are condemned (type A)

• No Christians are condemned (type E
Geisler, 126)

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26
Q

The relationship between a premise and a conclusion is called…

A

“implication”

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27
Q

The process of reasoning from premise to conclusion is called…

A

“inference”

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28
Q

Define epistemological realism

A

The belief that the object of human reason, when working properly, is objective reality

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29
Q

Define metaphysical realism

A

The belief that reality is knowable; that it includes an order

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30
Q

Where did David Hume derive the assumption that all knowledge was merely ideas?

A

John Lock (“photographs”)

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31
Q

What analogy do we use to illustrate the fallacy in Hume’s argument?

A

Uncertainty in most things does not prove skepticism any more than certain undeniable truths prove omniscience; hasty generalization

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32
Q

Who founded nominalism?

A

William of Ockham (1285-1349), the belief that universals are merely man-made nomini (names)

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33
Q

What are the five characteristics of concepts that material things do not have?

A

They are spiritual, abstract, universal, necessary and unchanging (Kreeft, 37)

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34
Q

Who said that European philosophy is a series of footnotes to Plato?

A

Alfred North Whitehead

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35
Q

Who coined the phrase “survival of the fittest” and “social Darwinism”?

A

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

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36
Q

Who introduced the term “angst”?

A

Martin Heidegger (1889-1976), when he was young

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37
Q

What is Logical Positivism?

A

The philosophy of A. J. Ayer that holds that a proposition is meaningful only if it is true by definition or empirically verifiable; based on David Hume

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38
Q

Who said, “nothing is what rocks dream about”?

A

Aristotle

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39
Q

What is Schaff’s Latin creed written in his History of the Church?

A

Christianus sum. Christiani nihil a me alienum puto

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40
Q

What did the Porter tell Cristiana’s boys when they departed from his house?

A

“Do you fly youthful lusts, and follow after godliness with them that are grave and wise, so shall you put gladness into your mother’s heart and obtain praise of all that are sober minded.”

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41
Q

THE YEARS TEACH MUCH WHICH THE DAYS NEVER KNOW

A

Ralph Waldo Emerson

42
Q

What is a principle?

A

A fundamental truth or proposition; axiom

43
Q

What are the four types of compound syllogisms?

A
  • hypothetical
  • disjunctive/conjunctive
  • dilemmas
  • sorites
44
Q

What are the proper forms for

“Only S is P”?

A

A: “All P is S”
E: “No non-S is P”

45
Q

What is the proper form for “The only good rat is a dead rat”?

A

A: “All good rats are dead rats”

46
Q

What are the two propositions in this statement: “All humans except the first humans had human parents”?

A

A: “All humans who were not the first humans had human parents”

A: “The first humans did not have human parents”

47
Q

“People are fickle”, is this universal or particular?

A

Either, depending on whether what is meant by “fickle” is in the ordinary sense or in a special sense (i. e. Especially fickle)

48
Q

“Cliffs are dangerous”, is this universal or particular?

A

Universal since cliffs are by nature dangerous

49
Q

“Fans swarmed the field”, is this universal or particular?

A

Particular, since fans don’t swarm the field by nature

50
Q

“Great books deserve to be taught”, is this universal or particular?

A

Universal

51
Q

“White men can’t dance”, is this universal or particular?

A

Particular

52
Q

Put this proposition in logical form: “Three ships took Columbus to America”

A

A: All [3 ships] are [tw took Columbus to America]

53
Q

What is the logical form of “All S is not P” (no accent on the ‘All’)?

A

E: No S is P

54
Q

What is the logical form for “ALL S is not P (accent on the ‘ALL’)?

A

O: Some S is not P

55
Q

What is the logical form for “Everything except the observer of everything in the universe is a thing in the universe”?

A

A: All [things which are not the observer of everything in the universe] are [things in the universe]

E: No [observer of everything in the universe] is [a thing in the universe]

56
Q

“What this country needs is a good five cent cigar”, put this into logical form

A

A: All [tw this country needs] is [a good five cent cigar]

57
Q

“What this country needs is a good five cent cigar”, put this into logical form

A

A: All [tw this country needs] is [a good five cent cigar]

58
Q

“Happy the country that has no history”, put this into logical form

A

A: All [countries that have no history] are [happy]

59
Q

“None think the great unhappy but the great”, put this into logical form

A

A: All [who think the great unhappy] are [the great]

E: No [non-great people] are [tw think the great unhappy]

60
Q

Which two propositional forms contrapose?

A

A and O

61
Q

Which two propositional forms do not contrapose?

A

E and I do not contrapose

62
Q

“Only the adventurous can understand the greatness of the past” (A. N. Whitehead) can also be refrased how?

A

“No one can understand the greatness of the past except the adventurous”

63
Q

Divide this proposition into simple propositions, “Born of the sun, they traveled a brief while toward the sun, and left the vivid air singed with their honor” (Stephen Spender)

A

All [they] are [tw were born of the sun] and All [they] are [tw traveled a brief while toward the sun] and All [they] are [tw left the vivid air singed with their honor]

64
Q

Put this proposition into logical form, “Work is the curse of the drinking class” (George Bernard Shaw)

A

A: All [work] is [twi the curse of the drinking class]

65
Q

Put this into logical form, “For All have not the gift of martyrdom”
(John Dryden)

A

O: Some [men] are not [tw have the gift of martyrdom]

66
Q

Put this into “Only” form, “Nothing is demonstrable unless the contrary implies a contradiction”
(Hume)

A

Only [that whose contrary implies a contradiction] is [demonstrable]

67
Q

Put this into an E propositional form, “Nothing is demonstrable unless the contrary implies a contradiction”
(Hume)

A

E: No [that whose contrary does not imply a contradiction] is [demonstrable]

68
Q

Put this into an A proposition, “Nothing is demonstrable unless the contrary implies a contradiction”

A

A: All [twi demonstrable] is [that whose contrary implies a contradiction]

69
Q

Put this into logical form, “Not all is gold that glitters”

A

O:Some [tw glitters] is not [gold]

70
Q

Put this into logical form, “Only virtue and wisdom can procure future honor”

A

A: All [tw can procure future honor] is [virtue and wisdom]

71
Q

Put this into logical form, “Through love all things become lighter which understanding thought too heavy” (Hatif)

A

A: All [things which understanding thought too heavy] are [tw become lighter through love]

72
Q

Who was Gautama Siddhartha?

A

The Buddha

73
Q

What was the Buddha’s name?

A

Gautama Siddhartha

74
Q

Put this into logical form, “Sweet are the uses of adversity”
(Shakespeare)

A

A: All [the uses of adversity] are [sweet]

75
Q

Put this into logical form, “All’s Well That Ends Well”

Shakespeare

A

A: All [tw ends well] is [well]

76
Q

Put this into logical form, “Our remedies oft in ourselves do lie, which we ascribe to heaven” (Shakespeare)

A

I: Some [remedies which we ascribe to heaven] are [tw lie in ourselves]

77
Q

Put this into logical form, “There are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamed of in your philosophy, Horatio”
(Shakespeare)

A

A: All [things in heaven and earth] are [twi more than are dreamed of in your philosophy]

78
Q

Put this into logical form, “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” (Shakespeare)

A

A: All [a rose] is [tw by any other name would smell as sweet]

79
Q

Put this into logical form, “All that glisters is not gold” (Shakespeare)

A

O: Some [things that glister] are not [gold]

80
Q

Put this into logical form, “To be or not to be: that is the question”
(Shakespeare)

A

A: All [to be or not to be] is [the question]

81
Q

Put this into logical form, “The only two things that can satisfy the soul are a person and a story”
(G. K. Chesterton)

A

A: All [tw can satisfy the soul] are [a person and a story]

82
Q

Put this into logical form, “Though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil for thou art with me”

A

A: All [I] is [tw will fear no evil though I walk through…]

83
Q

True or false: The predicate of an affirmative proposition is always undistributed, and the predicate of a negative proposition is always distributed?

A

True (Kreeft, Socratic Logic, 164)

84
Q

True or false: E converts to E?

A

True

85
Q

True or false: E converts to O?

A

True

86
Q

True or false: A converts to I?

A

True

87
Q

True or false: O converts to E?

A

False, O does not convert

88
Q

True or false: I converts to I?

A

True

89
Q

True or false: If “No S is P” then “Some P is not S”?

A

True

90
Q

Obvert this proposition, “Some gases are noninflammable”

A

Some gases are not inflammable

91
Q

Obvert this proposition, “Some teams are not unbeatable”

A

Some teams are beatable

92
Q

Is this a valid inference, “Not all lawyers are Republicans, therefore not all Republicans are lawyers”?

A

Invalid, O propositions don’t convert (undistributed term in the premise cannot be distributed in the conclusion)

93
Q

Put this into logical form, “None but the brave deserve the fair”?

A

A: All [tw deserve the fair] are [tw are brave]
Or
E: No [non-brave] are [tw deserve the fair]

94
Q

Logical contradiction occurs between which sets of propositions containing the same subject and predicate?

A
  • A and O
  • E and I
95
Q

Is this valid or invalid, “It must be true that not all truths are true, because it’s false that every truth is true”?

A

Valid

96
Q

If it is false that some philosophers are insane, then is it false that all philosophers are insane?

A

Correct, that would be false as well

97
Q

Is this valid or invalid, “Since some students are good debaters, some are not good debaters”?

A

Invalid (unknown), all could be or some may not be good debaters

98
Q

What is the negation of the predicate “wise men”?

A

Non wise-men (not unwise men)

99
Q

Put this into logical form, “The only ones allowed into men’s restrooms are men”

A

All [who are allowed into men’s restrooms] are [men]

100
Q

Put this into logical form, “The only S is P”

A

All S is P

101
Q

In logic, when a proposition begins with “the only…”, how is it translated?

A

“All…”

Church Fathers (4 decks)

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