Lists and Facts I should know Flashcards
What were the first 4 provinces to join Canada and what year?
Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia (1867)
When did the rest of the provinces join?
North West Territories and Manitoba (1870), British Columbia(1871), Prince Edward Island(1873),
Yukon(1898), Albert and Saskatchewan(1905), Newfoundland(1949), Nunavut(1999)
What is acronym for the order the provinces joined Canada?
O. Q. N. N. N. M. B. P. Y. A. S. N. N
What is the difference between continuous and discontinuous permafrost?
Continuous is all frozen sheets that takes up almost 80% of the grounds and Discontinuous is only 30-80% frozen. The line between the two is basically the tree line, north of the line is where no trees grow
What is the Palliser’s Triangle?
This semi-arid area in the western Prairies thats unsuitable for agriculture because its VERY DRY
When did the Battle of the Plains of Abraham happen and what happened during it?
1759 - British won control over the land against the French
What are the 4 faultines in Canada?
Centralist/Decentralist, Indigenous/Non-Indigenous, Newcomers/Old timers, and French/English
What are ‘Have Not’ provinces and which are they?
They receive payments - Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Manitoba
What are the 6 major urban centres?
- Toronto 2. Montreal 3. Vancouver 4. Ottawa 5. Calgary 6. Edmonton (each centre has over 1M people)
What are the 6 regions of Canada?
- Territorial North 2. British Columbia (mountains) 3. Western Canada (Prairies) 4. Ontario 5. Quebec 6. Atlantic Canada
Why have those 6 areas been defined at regions?
- Manageable sections 2. Identifiable by a set of physical features 3. Break down is on a provincial basis 4. Commonly identified by media
What region started off very sparse in population?
Western Canada
What are characteristics of Cores?
Receive raw material from the periphery, Manufacturing is a common industry, Geographically small, Diverse economy, Urban and densely populated, Home to corporate headquarters
What are characteristics of Peripheries?
Purchase finished goods from the core, Resource based economy, Geographically large, Rural and sparsely populated
What happens as one moves from a core to a periphery?
Population decreases, Income decrease, Unemployment increases
What are Canadian sub-cores?
Vancouver/Victoria, Edmonton/Calgary, Halifax
Where has a strong sense of place in Canada?
Atlantic Canada and the Prairies
Who proposed the Staple Thesis?
Harold Innia
What is the progression of Canada’s Staples?
Fish (east), Fur(east/west), Timber (east/west), Agriculture (ontario/west), Oil (west)
How did the National Policy create a market for Canadian goods?
Implementing tariffs and restricting trade on foreign goods
What negative impact did the National Policy have?
On the west because they were purchasing expensive goods from the core
What is the US free trade agreement?
Provided peripheries cheap product and gave them a larger market to sell. Mexico joined, and jobs were lost because plants were built in Mexico to pay lower labour costs
What are the 5 physical geography categories?
geology, physiography, climate, vegetation, and soil
What type of rocks are in the Canadian Shield?
igneous rocks
What are platform rocks?
These rocks underlay the Interior Plains of the continent, mainly sedimentary. They are flat because it used to be the bottom of a giant sea
What are the folded mountains?
Folding cause by tectonic plates, sedimentary rocks can become metamorphic
Where was once covered by shallow inland seas where eventually formed sedimentary rocks?
Interior Plains
What are Continental Glaciers?
Thick sheets of ice that cover entire continents
What are Alpine Glaciers?
Found in mountainous regions, can develop when slopes accumulate with snow that compacts into ice over long period of time
What are Pleistocene Glaciation?
Represents the thickest chunk of ice because of a lot of snow fall
What is Former Lake Agassiz?
Was a large lake where Manitoba and northern Ontario is
What are the 2 major components of climate?
Temperature and Precipitation
What is Climate?
It describes the average weather conditions for a specific place over a period of time
What is the Pineapple Express?
bottom left in the pacific
What are the 7 climatic zones?
- pacific 2. cordillera 3. prairies 4. great lakes - st. lawrence 5. atlantic 6. sub arctic 7. artic
What are the temperatures in canada controlled by?
Latitude
How does temperature affect an area?
It dictates the type of vegetation and length of the growing season
What is a growing season?
the number of days between final frost in spring and first frost in fall
Where has to longest growing season in Canada?
Victoria BC - 7 months
Where is one of the driest areas in Canada?
Calgary because its east of the mountain
What are the 3 major natural vegetation types?
Forests, Grasslands and tundra
where can you find grasslands?
ONLY in the prairie provinces (AB,SK,MB)
where can you find tundra?
In the arctic and alpine area
why do tundra plants have waxy leaves?
to reduce moisture loss
when does permafrost occur?
When the mean annual temperature of soil is below 0 degree
where can you find podzolic soil?
Canadian Shield, commonly associated with coniferous vegetation. Evidence of leaching occurs
Where can you find luvisolic soil?
Humid climates such as southern ontario, commonly associated with deciduous vegetation
Where can you chernozemic soil?
typically in dry climates where there is grassland.
where is the continental divide located?
along the spine of the rocky mountains
what is the last remaining ice sheet in south canada
The columbia ice field
what is the most well-known alpine glacier in the columbia ice field?
Athabasca glacier
who were the first people of canada?
hunters from the old world. indigenous people
why did mammoths become extinct?
used to living in cold climates and couldn’t adapt
what happened to the indigenous people after the europeans arrived?
their population decrease about 80% due to battle and diseases from the europeans
who were the second people of canada
french or british descent
who were the third people of canada
Immigrants, people who weren’t of a french, british or indigenous background, they were treated as low class people
what does each seat in the house of commons represent?
1 for each MP, an electoral riding
what are the rules for reshaping the house of commons?
- Each province will have at least as many MPs as it has senators
- Each province will have at least as many MPs as they did in 1976
where is central canada?
southern ontario/southern quebec
what lead to the national energy program?
rising energy prices, but later on agreed to match the price to the worlds oil price, which created huge revenues for alberta and later that decade government refused to continue matching the prices
What happened with indigenous residential schools?
kids were taken from families and not allowed to use their native language. IT WAS A BAD IDEA
What are the indigenous rights?
the most important are land rights
Who is Louis Riel
He led the metis in the red river rebellion. Known as the father of Manitoba. He succeeded and demanded the use of english AND french, and dual system protestants and catholic schools. HIs second rebellion result in his death and other metis people.
what caused the influx of settlers from ontario in manitoba?
ontario no longer had a surplus of agriculture land and wheat farming in the prairies became a profitable business
what does the canadian unity depend on?
the continuation of the english/french relationship and the need to compromise
What did the Quebec Act do for french canadians?
Continued a way for the land to be divided, gave religious freedom and the right to keep the native language
What did the constitutional act do?
british loyalist wanted to control their own affairs, the ottawa river was a dividing line for upper and lower canada. ontario vs quebec
What was the act of union?
lord durham suggested uniting the 2 provinces under 1 government, making the french a minority. Creating the province of canada
Who proclaimed “long live quebec”?
French president Charles de Gaulle
How many countries have a population higher than Canada?
only 20%
What are the current trends in Canada’s population?
- natural increase is declining 2. population is aging 3. high birth rates in the indigenous population 4. highest growth occurs in ON, BC, AB, SK
why is our population density one of the lowest in the world?
because we are the 2nd largest country by land
Where in canada has the slowest and highest growth for population?
Slowest - atlantic. highest - prairies
where is the least urbanized region in canada?
The atlantic region
how many people must the urban core of a CMA contain?
at least 100,000
What was the only CMA where the population declined?
Saint John, NB
Where does the densely populated zones lie?
Within the Great Lakes - St Lawrence Lowlands, the agricultural land is the most fertile here
What are the 10 largest CMAs in the densely populated zones
toronto, montreal, ottawa, quebec city, london, hamilton, oshawa, st. cathrines, kitchener, windsor,
what are the 5 majors CMAs in the moderately populated zones?
vanouver, calgary, winnipeg, edmonton, halifax
what are the 3 major population centres in the sparsely populated zone since there are no CMAs here?
fort mcmurray, whitehorse, yellowknife. less than 1% of canadians live here
what are the 3 major population centres in isolated settlements zones since there are no CMAs here?
labrador city, Iqaluit, inuvik. less than 0.1% of canadians live here
what are the reasons for the crude birth rate decreasing?
People moving from rural areas to cities, increase in the # of women working, wide spread acceptance of family planning
what are the reasons for the crude death rate decreasing?
Medical advances, improved nutrition, better health care and reduced smoking
what is the actual replacement fertility rate supposed to be and what is canadas?
canada is 1.6 but i should be 2.1
what the 5 phases of the demographic shift?
late pre-industrial (STABLE high birth and death), early industrial (low deaths), late industrial(low births), early post-industrial (STABLE low birth and death), late post-industrial (births less than death -> declining pop = natural decrease)
where of the youth population the highest?
The north and the prairies
when of the elderly population the highest?
Atlantic canada
what trend occurs in the youth dependency ratio?
It stabilizes since both fewer children are being born and more people are aging beyond the working age group
what trend occurs in the old age dependency ratio?
ratio is rising quickly because baby boomers continue to retire
what are the implications of a higher old age dependency ratio?
health care costs increase because baby boomers are becoming seniors AND there are fewer working taxpayers to cover those costs
Why does the federal government encourage immigration?
- to keep the population growing 2. new comers add to the workforce 3. we accept refugees fleeting their homelands 4. immigrants are more willing to do seasonal jobs
what is the best tool for maintaining a culture?
A language
What government must provide services in both english and french?
FEDERAL
Who is the only official bilingual province?
New Brunswick
What are the 2 indigenous languages experiencing growth?
Cree and Inukititut
What religion is Canada primarily?
Christian
Where in Canada do a lot of people have “no religion”?
WEST coast
Who are Hutterites?
They believe in Pacifism, refusing to to participate in military services. They are established in the Eastern Prairies
What are the 4 Canadian values?
- gov’n based on the british systems 2. two official languages ensuring a place for french 3. indigenous people have special rights 4. national identity is based on the constitution and the rights and freedom act
What are some concerns with multiculturalism?
may encourage minority groups to remain ethnic, social and economic barriers tend to confine people to certain neighbourhoods, POVERTY,
When the oil prices were the highest, who was the fast growing province?
alberta
Which province experienced an economic boom?
Saskatchewan because they have a strong resource base, growth in knowledge based industries and construction industry in saskatoon and regina
Where do 70% of immigrants settle? (3 places)
Toronto, Montreal and vancouver
What is the growth of the indigenous population?
They are growing rapidly in the cities of the prairies
what are to 4 phases of the indigenous growth in canada?
- pre contact (pop depended on available food, weather) 2. early contact (exposure to diseases and lost hunting lands -> decreased pop) 3. late contact (rising fertility rates and mortality rates ->stable pop) 4. post contact (high fertility and low death rate -> population growth)
how does the canadian economy mirror the states economy?
we heavily depend on exports to the states
what are the trends of the economic sectors in canada?
Primary decrease a lot, secondary decrease slightly and tertiary increases a lot
how has canada’s economy evolved over time?
Starting from an agriculture to a post industrial one
What are the characteristics of our knowledge- based economy?
lots of highly educated citizens, highly urbanized population and a priority on scientific research
