List Questions

Question 1

List and explain the four causes of frictional resistance

Answer 1

Viscosity of blood

Amount of the inner surface present

Nature of the inner surface

Age- frictional resistance is less in the young, most noticeable in the old

Question 2

List the four major bifurcations

Answer 2

Common carotid into internal/external carotids

Brachial into ulnar/radial -ulnar is larger, inject via radial to prevent leakage

Base of the descending abdominal aorta into right/left common iliacs

Popliteal into the anterior/posterior tibia arteries

Question 3

List and explain the five advantages of pulsation

Answer 3

It accelerates embalming time

There is more even distribution of arterial fluid

There is less swelling of facial features

It minimizes post-embalming dehydration

There is improved preservation

Question 4

List the five reasons of the purpose of and importance of proper blood drainage

Answer 4

Diminish secondary dilution

Remove intravascular dilution

Prevent tissue distension

Permit disinfection and temporary preservation

Retard decomposition

Question 5

List the five methods of stimulating drainage

Answer 5

Increase pressure and pulsating pressure and rate of flow

Creating back pressure by opening and closing the drain tube

Massage of the body, especially arms and legs always toward the heart; elevation of appendages

Instruments, drain hoses, trocar, drain tube, drain forceps, vibrating embalming table (outdated)

Chemicals- co-injection, pre-injection (usually identical chemicals, only difference is when you use them) i.e. Water conditioners and anticoagulants a.k.a. Clot dispersers. Note: they do not dissolve but dilates and lubricates the lumen of the vessels and prevents further clotting

Question 6

List and explain the four methods of drainage in relation to injection

Answer 6

Alternate method- inject and drainage one at a time

Intermittent method- continuous injection with intermittent drainage (drain tube only)

Concurrent or continuous method- continually inject and drainage (poorest results) (drainage forceps only) - this method is used by the anacephalic/robot embalmer

Discontinuous method-inject and drain at intervals (rest period is usually hours)

Question 7

List and explain the conditions that can cause the neck to swell

Answer 7

Too high pressure

Too high flow

Obese cases create low resistance areas in the face and neck (always make sure that the head and neck are higher than the thoracic and abdominal cavities)

Clotted drainage in the left and right internal jugular veins

Thoracic and abdominal gas caused by tissue gas and subcutaneous emphysema

Question 8

List and explain the five types of characteristics of purge

Answer 8

Stomach purge-coffee grinds, acidic/sour odor

Lung purge-frothy white, foamy, usually no odor

Brain purge-creamy white, no odor or color

Rectal purge-feces escaping from the rectum/intestinal tract

Vascular/false purge-arterial fluid solution escaping from the vascular system

Question 9

List and explain the treatments for a swollen neck

Answer 9

Trocar/channeling-aspirating the neck to create channel for the fluid to drain into the thoracic cavity

Restricted cervical method-obese cases will create low resistance areas in the neck thus the neck will be predisposed to swelling during injection

Air or water collar-the pressure from the water will force the fluid to drain into the thoracic cavity.

Turkish towel or water pack-the weight of the water will force the fluid in the neck into the thoracic cavity.

Question 10

List the three primary purposes for cavity aspiration

Answer 10

Remove as much of the bodily fluid and semi-solid contents of the viscera as possible, thus reducing the germicidal obligations of the cavity fluid

Remove gasses and liquids, this relieving pressure against blood vessels and other organs to prevent purge.

Remove blood from the heart and major trunk veins by direct aspiration so the blood is not forced by gravity or gas pressure into the superficial capillaries of the neck, eats, or face causing a visible discoloration (stain)

Question 11

List and explain the five reasons injection pressure must be sufficient

Answer 11

Dislodge congested drainage

Stimulate capillary filtration

Minimize fluid loss due to excessive drainage

Saturate the capillary bed without causing ruptures

Penetrate surface tissue and not cause feature swelling