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829 Dosage > Liquid Dosage Forms > Flashcards

Liquid Dosage Forms Flashcards

1
Q

Definition

Solution

A

Homogeneous molecular dispersion

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2
Q

Definition

Emulsion

A

oil in water/water in oil

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3
Q

Definition

Suspension

A

solid in water or oil

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4
Q

Advantages of Solution dosage forms

A
  • homogeneous - no problems of content uniformity
  • easy to manufacture
  • good bioavailability
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5
Q

Components of Solution

A
  • active ingredient (drug)
  • solvent
  • buffering agent
  • preservative
  • antioxidant, chelating agent
  • flavor and sweetener
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6
Q

Solvents used for long-acting parenterals

A

water, vegetable oils

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7
Q

Co-solvet examples

A
  • ethanol
  • glycerin
  • propylene glycol
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8
Q

Flavor and sweetener examples

A

sucrose and soritol

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9
Q

Buffer principle

A

a solution of a weak base and a salt of its conjugate base

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10
Q

Buffer equation for a weak acid removing added base (OH-):

A

HA + OH- ⇿ H2O + A-

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11
Q

Buffer equation for salt removing added acid (H+)

A

A- + H3O+ ⇿ HA + H2O

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12
Q

Handersen-Hasselbalch equation

A
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13
Q

Definition

Buffer capacity

A

Ability of a buffer to resist a change in pH due to added OH- or H+. Amount of strong acid or base needed to change pH by one unit.

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14
Q

Buffer capacity equation: 1

A
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15
Q

Buffer capacity equation: 2
(Van Slyke)

A

C = total buffer [ ] = [HA] + [A-]

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16
Q

T or F: Buffer is at max capacity where pH=pKa

A

True

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17
Q

Common pharmaceutical buffers

A
  • acetic acid
  • citric acid
  • glycine
  • phosphoric acid
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18
Q

what is this structure?

A

acetic acid

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19
Q

what is this structure?

A

citric acid

monobasic, dibasic, and tribasic

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20
Q

what is this structure?

A

glycine

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21
Q

what is this structure?

A

phosphoric acid

monobasic, dibasic, and tribasic

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22
Q

We want to select a pH that provides ___ ___ for the drug. If possible, we want the pH to match the pH of the ___.

A

maximum stability, body

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23
Q

When pH is selected we want to:
* ___ the buffering capacity
* ___ volume
* administer ___

A

minimize, minimize, slowly

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24
Q

Buffer Preparation - Exercise 1

A buffer contains 0.1 M sodium formate and 0.1 M formic acid. 0.03 M of sodium hydroxide was added. The Ka of formic acid is 1.77 x 10 -4
(pKa = -log(Ka) = 3.75).
1. What is the initial pH of the buffer?
2. What is the buffer capacity?
3. What is the pH after the addition of sodium hydroxide?

A
  • 3.75
  • 0.115 M
  • 4.02
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25
# Buffer Preparation – Exercise 2 Design a buffer for a penicillin solution that is most stable at pH 6.5. A buffer capacity of 0.15M is required.
* HA (dibasic citrate) 0.117M * A- (tribasic citrate) 0.147M
26
Antimicrobial Preservatives Mechanism of Action
Preservatives adsorb into the bacterial membrane and disrupt it. The membrane is lipophilic and has a net negative surface charge.
27
Antimicrobial preservatives - 2 methods of adsorption
lipid solubility * alcohols, acids, esters Electrostatic attraction * quaternary ammonium compounds
28
# Bacterial content allowed in various dosage forms Ampules
must be sterile, single dose no preservative needed
29
# Bacterial content allowed in various dosage forms Multiple dose vials
must be sterile, may contain up to 10 doses, need a preservative to kill microorganisms introduced during use
30
# Bacterial content allowed in various dosage forms ophthalmic solutions
must be sterile, must contain a preservative if packaged in multiple dose container
31
# Bacterial content allowed in various dosage forms oral liquids
need not to be sterile but should not contain pathogens. FDA limits the number of organisms to be less than 100/mL. Need preservative for multiple dose packages.
32
# Bacterial content allowed in various dosage forms oral solids
less likely to carry bacteria than liquid forms. Pathogen contamination is still a concern. Test raw materials and be sure that the manufacturing facility is clean.
33
Characteristics of ideal preservatives
* effective in low [ ] against a wide variety of organisms * soluble in formulation * non toxic * stable
34
# Pharmaceutical preservatives Alcohols * ethanol: requires more than ___%, limited to oral products, may be lost due to ___ * ___: anesthetic action, burning taste (not used ___). Water ___, stable over wide pH range. Used for parenterals * ___: campor-like odor and taste (not used orally). Used in ___ and ___. ___, lost through rubber stoppers and plastic containers.
* 15%, volatility * benzyl, orally, soluble * chlorobutanol, parenterals, ophthalmics, volatile
35
# Pharmaceutical preservatives Acids * benzoic acid (pKa = ___): used in ___ products * sorbic acid (pKa = ___): used in ___ products, excellent for ___ and ___
* pKa = 4.2, oral * pKa = 4.8, oral, molds and yeast | only active in unionized (lipid-soluble) form
36
T or F: acid preservatives are only active in unionized (lipid soluble) form.
True
37
# Pharmaceutical preservatives Esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (Parabens) * Used ___. Not ___ but ___ rapidly at pH values above ___. * Anesthetize ___ * Most lipophilic ones (___ paraben and ___ paraben) are best against ___ and ___. * Less lipophilic ones (___ paraben and ___ paraben) are best against ___. * low ___ is a problem * cause skin ___ when used in dermatological products
* orally, ionized, hydrolyzed, 7 * tongue * Propyl, butyl, mold, yeast * methyl, ethyl, bacteria * solubility * sensitization
38
# Pharmaceutical preservatives Quaternary ammonium compounds * Benzalkonium chloride (___) * Cetyltrimethylammonium ___ (Cepryn) * Widely used in ___. Very water ___ and ___ killing. * Incompatibility issues due to ___ charge * Interacts with negatively charged membrane
* Zephirin * Chloride * ophthalmics, soluble, fast * positive
39
What is this molecule an example of?
Esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (Parabens) | preservative
40
What is this molecule and what is it an example of?
Benzalkonium chloride (Zephirin), Quaternary ammonium compounds | preservative
41
What is this molecule and what is it an example of?
Cetyltrimethylammonium (Cepryn) | preservative
42
# Factors affecting preservative action * pH - only the ___ species of ___ acids are effective as a preservative. Need to add more total __ acid when pH is ___ pKa in order to have effective [ ] of unionized species. * complex formation - only the ___ preservative is active. * adsorption by solids - only the ___ preservative is active. * chemical stability - consider the ___.
* unionized, weak, weak, above * free (uncomplexed) * unadsorbed * shelf-life
43
# Antioxidants * drug substances are __ stable in aq media than in solid dosage forms. * acid-base reactions, catalysis, oxidation, or reduction may occur from ingredient-ingredient interactions or ___-product interactions
* less * container
44
# Antioxidants Oxidation * main ___ pathway of pharmaceuticals (vitamin, essential oils, fats, and oils) * ___- automatic reaction with oxygen without drastic external interference * initiated by ___, light, ___, metals (Cu and __)
* degradation * auto-oxidation * heat, peroxide, Fe
45
# Antioxidants Free-radical scavengers * slow/delay oxidation by rapidly reacting with free radicals * propyl, _, dodecyl esters of acid * butylated hydroxyanisole (...); butylated hydroxytoluene (...) * tocopherols; vitamin __
* octyl, gallic * BHA, BHT * E
46
# Antioxidants Reducing agents * have __ redox potentials than drug; more readily ___ * sodium ___: 2NaHSO3 + O2 → 2NaHSO4 * ascorbic acid * thiols
* lower, oxidized * bisulfite
47
# Antioxidants Chelating agents * antioxidant ___ * little antioxidant effect themselves * remove trace metals * examples: ___ acid and ___
* synergists * citric, EDTA
48
Sodium bisulfite is a...
antioxidant acting by preferntial oxidation
49
EDTA is a...
Chelating agent and antioxidant
50
butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a ...
free radical stabilizer
51
sorbitol is a...
sweetener
52
glycerin is a...
co-solvent
53
methylparaben is a...
preservative acting by lipophilic absorption
54
benzalkonium chloride is a...
preservative acting by electrostatic adsorption
55
ascorbic acid is a...
antioxidant and buffering agent | weak acid
56
benzoic acid is a...
preservative (when unionized/protonated)
57
chlorpromazine is an...
active ingredient
58
citric acid is a...
chelating agent, buffering agent, and antioxidant
59
propylene glycol is a...
co-solvent
60
sodium dihydrogen citrate is a...
chelating agent, buffering agent, and antioxidant
61
sucrose is a...
sweetener
62
water is a..
solvent

829 Dosage (4 decks)

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