liquid calories and fast food

Question 1

history of soft drinks?

Answer 1

Soft Drinks
• Cola wars between Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola
• Change in Soft Drink Landscape
o Less Coke and Pepsi (still 75% of beverage market)
o More Arizona Iced Tea, Red Bull and PowerAde

Question 2

what is the current relationship between milk and SSB consumption?

Answer 2

milk consumption has decreased, SSB consumption has increased

Beverage Consumption, 2003-2009
• Sports drinks piqued then declined
• Ready to drink (RTD) Tea and Energy drinks increasing

Study Designs on Soft Drinks
• Correlational, Longitudinal, Experimental

Question 3

describe a controversial cross sectional study about soft drinks

Answer 3

• Soft Drinks and weight – Meta-analysis of 10 longitudinal studies and 2 RCTS
o BMI not associated with soft drink intake (but results tampered with by ABA)
o Higher risk of health problems (i.e. cancer, mental health, blood pressure)

Question 4

HFCS?

Answer 4

• Per Capita intake increased more than any other food group
• Consumption increased; refined sugar consumption decreased
• Main Concerns
o Cheap calories
o Effects on metabolism and satiety?? Doesn’t trigger hormones that regulate eating

Question 5

what are the most important recent findings about soft drinks?

Answer 5

1. Sugar has increased in soft drinks, at the same time diet/weight have worsened
2. Soft drinks displace healthier beverages (SSB vs. Milk)
3. Studies show increased consumption leads to increased risk of obesity and diabetes
4. Reducing intake improves weight (school studies)
5. Industry funded studies consistently find results favorable to industry

Question 6

fast food

Answer 6

• Ads Everywhere
• Even over 1/3 of hospitals have a fast food chain
• Restaurant industry sales have increased from 25 to 50% of food dollar

Question 7

what are 3 examples of the negative effects of fast food?

Answer 7

• USDA survey of food intake of kids and teens
o Both cross-sectional and longitudinal
o 30% consumed fast food on a given day
o 187 extra calories on fast food days (6 lbs/ year)
• Dietary recall data from teenagers (Sebastian et al.)
o Compared to USDA dietary recommendations
o Adolescents who consumed more fast food:
• Consumed less fruits and vegetables, milk
• More “discretionary calories”
• BMI data: California Healthy Kids Survey
o Geocoded schools and fast food restaurants
o Students with fast-food near schools:
• Consumed less fruits/vegetables, more pop, more likely overweight

Question 8

what are the main reasons fast food is so unhealthy?

Answer 8

• More calories are eaten at restaurants (higher energy density)
• Portions are larger (people eat more)
• Fast food linked with obesity, poor diet for adults AND children