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Biochem Take 2. > Lipoproteins. > Flashcards

Lipoproteins. Flashcards

1
Q

What is the problem of transporting lipids in the blood?

A

They are hydrophobic.

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2
Q

Where is albumin synthesised?

A

In the liver.

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3
Q

What can albumin transport in the blood?

A

Some free fatty acids and bilirubin.

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4
Q

How are lipids transported in albumin?

A

They are bound to hydrophobic pockets.

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5
Q

Is there anything albumin will not transport?

A

Free cholesterol.

TAGs.

Cholesteryl esters.

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6
Q

What is used to transport cholesteryl esters, TAGs and free cholesterol?

A

Lipoproteins.

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7
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

Large spherical macromolecules.

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8
Q

What are lipoproteins made up of?

A

Lipids and specific proteins called apolipoproteins.

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9
Q

What is the structure of the outer shell of lipoproteins?

A

It is made from a phospholipid monolayer, free cholesterol and apolipoproteins.

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10
Q

What is special about the structure of apolipoproteins?

A

The outside is polar and it allows lipoproteins to be soluble in water.

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11
Q

What does the outer shell of an apolipoprotein surround?

A

A hydrophobic, neutral lipid core.

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12
Q

What will be placed in the core of an apolipoprotein?

A

Large amounts of TAGs and cholesteryl esters.

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13
Q

What are the 4 groups of lipoproteins?

A

Chylomicrons.

VLDL.

LDL.

HDL.

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14
Q

What fats do chylomicrons transport?

A

Exogenous fats from the diet.

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15
Q

What fats do VLDL transport?

A

Endogenous fats from the liver.

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16
Q

Where are chylomicrons released from?

A

By the intestinal mucosal cells.

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17
Q

What do chylomicrons carry?

A

Dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins.

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18
Q

What apolipoproteins are found in chylomicrons?

A

B-48, C2, E.

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19
Q

Where are VLDLs made?

A

In the liver.

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20
Q

What will VLDLs carry?

A

TAGs and cholesteryl esters that were formed by the liver.

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21
Q

How do VLDL molecules change when they are released into the blood?

A

They become IDL and eventually LDL.

22
Q

What apolipoproteins make up VLDL?

A

B100, C2 and E.

23
Q

Where are LDLs made?

A

In the blood from VLDL (via IDL).

24
Q

What do LDLs transport?

A

They deliver cholesteryl esters to cells that need cholesterol for cell membranes.

25
Q

What apolipoproteins make up LDL?

A

B100.

26
Q

What is the job of HDLs?

A

They start off empty and travel to cells where they are filled with cholesteryl esters from the cell membranes of dead cells.

27
Q

What apolipoproteins make up HDL?

A

C2 and E.

28
Q

Which lipoproteins do reverse cholesterol transport?

A

HDL.

29
Q

What is the order of density of the 4 lipoproteins?

A

High density lipoproteins (HDL).

Low density lipoproteins (LDL).

Intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL).

Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL).

30
Q

Where is lipoprotein lipase found?

A

In the capillaries that are anchored close to the heart and fat cells.

31
Q

What activates lipoprotein lipase (LPL)?

A

Apo C-II.

32
Q

What is the job of LPL

A

To cleave TAGs in lipoproteins and to make free fatty acids from the leftover lipoproteins.

33
Q

What happens to the free fatty acids that are cleaved by LPL in the heart?

A

They will go on to power the heart.

34
Q

What happens in to the fatty acids that are cleaved by LPL in fat tissues?

A

They will be stored as fat for later use.

35
Q

What apolipoprotein must be present to form chylomicrons?

A

APOB48.

36
Q

What lipoproteins transport TAGs?

A

Chylomicrons and VLDL.

37
Q

Will chylomicrons be found in the blood during fasting?

A

No.

38
Q

What is a nascent chylomicron?

A

A full chylomicron.

39
Q

What does a nascent chylomicron contain?

A

90% TAGS from dietary lipids.

5% lipid soluble vitamins.

5% cholesteryl esters.

40
Q

How do chylomicrons enter the bloodstream?

A

Through a thoracic duct from the lymph system.

41
Q

How is a chylomicron activated in the bloodstream?

A

When HDL removes 2 APLs.

42
Q

LPL is activated by what transport proteins?

A

Chylomicrons.

43
Q

If a patient has a deficiency in LPL, what will be the result?

A

High levels of chylomicrons in the blood.

44
Q

What is necessary for the synthesis of VLDL?

A

Apo B-100.

45
Q

What do VLDL molecules transport?

A

60% TAGs.

Cholesterol.

Cholesteryl esters.

46
Q

What are classified as TAG rich lipoproteins?

A

VLDLs.

47
Q

What does VLDL when it is released by the hepatocytes?

A

Only apo B-100.

48
Q

How does VLDL become functional?

A

When HDL collides with this molecule it adds apo-C and apo-E.

49
Q

What is the main purpose of VLDL?

A

To prevent TAG accumulation in the hepatocytes.

50
Q

What is IDL?

A

The remnants of VLDL once TAGs have been cleaved from them.

51
Q

What does LDL carry?

A

Around 8% TAGs and around 50% cholesteryl esters.

52
Q

What is the main job of LDL?

A

To transport cholesteryl esters to cells that need cholesterol.

Biochem Take 2. (24 decks)

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