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LIPIDS (MOD 2) > LIPIDS MAIN PT. 2 > Flashcards

LIPIDS MAIN PT. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

used for Alzheimer’s disease, age-related decline in mental function, improving thinking skills in young people, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, preventing exercise-induced stress, and improving athletic performance

A

Phosphatidylserine(PS)

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2
Q

acts as ‘chaperone’ to help the membrane proteins correctly fold their tertiary structures so that they can function properly

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)(cephalin)

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3
Q

means less than 0.5g of fat per serving

A

Fat free

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4
Q

DPPC

A

dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine
dipalmitoyl lecithin

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5
Q

major lipid component of lung surfactant—the extracellular fluid layer lining the alveoli

A

Phosphatidylcholine (PC)(lecithin)

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6
Q

FATS/OIL:
Lower melting points

A

OIL

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7
Q

signals transmission across membranes

A

Phosphatidylinositol (PI)

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8
Q

comprises ~7%–15% of the total phospholipid of pulmonary surfactant although major role has not yet been defined

A

PHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROL (PG)

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9
Q

FATS/OIL:
“Bends” chain causing the molecule incapable of close packing

A

OIL

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10
Q

Two molecules of PA esterified through their phosphate groups to an additional molecule of glycerol

A

Cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycero)

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11
Q

diphosphatidylglycero

A

Cardiolipin

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12
Q

FATS/OIL:
Mono and polyunsaturated compounds predominates

A

OIL

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13
Q

found in bacteria and eukaryotes virtually exclusive to the inner mitochondrial membrane, required for the maintenance of certain respiratory complexes of the electron transport chain

A

Cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycero)

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14
Q

antigenic, and is recognized by antibodies raised against Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis

A

Cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycero)

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15
Q

FATS/OIL:
Obtained from plants

A

OIL

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16
Q

bacterium that causes syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

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17
Q

When the fatty acid at carbon 1 of a glycerophospholipid is replaced by an unsaturated alkyl group attached by an ether (rather than by an ester) linkage to the core glycerol molecule

A

Plasmalogens

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18
Q

FATS/OIL:
Liquid at room temp

A

OIL

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19
Q

Similar in structure to phosphatidyl ethanol amine, now phosphatidalcholine

A

Plasmalogens

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20
Q

Other quantitative ether lipid in mammal

A

Plasmalogens

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21
Q

FATS/OIL:
Higher melting point

A

FAT

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22
Q

PAF

A

Platelet-activating factor

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23
Q

unusual ether glycero -phospholipid, with a saturated alkyl group in an ether link to carbon 1 and an acetyl residue (rather than a fatty acid) at carbon 2 of the glycerol backbone

A

Platelet-activating factor

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24
Q

FATS/OIL:
“Linearity” of fatty acids causing the molecule to be closely packed

A

FATS

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25
Q

triggers potent thrombotic and acute inflammatory events

A

Platelet-activating factor

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26
Q

activates inflammatory cells and mediates hypersensitivity, acute inflammatory, and anaphylactic reactions

A

Platelet-activating factor

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27
Q

FATS/OIL:
Saturated compounds predominates

A

FATS

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28
Q

causes platelets to aggregate and degranulate, and neutrophils and alveolar macrophages to generate superoxide radicals

A

Platelet-activating factor

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29
Q

a lipid that contains one fatty acid and one phosphate group attached to a sphingosine molecule and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group

A

Sphingophospholipids

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30
Q

FATS/OIL:
Obtained from animal sources

A

FATS

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31
Q

Sphingophospholipids in which the alcohol esterified to the phosphate group is choline

A

Sphingomyelins

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32
Q

found in all cell membranes and are important structural components of the myelin sheath, the protective and insulating coating that surrounds nerves

A

Sphingomyelins

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33
Q

means 3g or less fat per 50g serving

A

Low fat

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34
Q

lipid that contains both a fatty acid and a carbohydrate (mono or oligosaccharide) component attached to a sphingosine molecule

A

SPHINGOGLYCOLIPIDS or GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS

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35
Q

Ceramide-glucose or glucocerebroside – intermediate in the synthesis and degradation of the more complex glycosphingolipids

A

Cerebrosides

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36
Q

means at least 25% less fat per serving than the regular food

A

Reduce fat or less fat

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37
Q

TYPES OF SPHINGOGLYCOLIPIDS or GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS

A

1) Neutral glycosphingolipids
2) Acidic glycosphingolipids

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38
Q

Ceramide-galactose or galactocerebroside – most common cerebroside found in myelin

A

Cerebrosides

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39
Q

Types of Neutral glycosphingolipids

A

1) Cerebrosides
2) Globosides

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40
Q

means less than 0.5 kilo calories per serving

A

Calorie free

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41
Q

a ceramide that contain a single monosaccharide unit—either
glucose or galactose

A

Cerebrosides

42
Q

lipid that contains one or more fatty acids, a phosphate group, a platform molecule to which the fatty acid(s) and the phosphate group are attached, and an alcohol that is attached to the phosphate group

A

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

43
Q

ceramide oligosaccharide

A

Globosides

44
Q

most common cerebroside found in myelin

A

Ceramide-galactose or galactocerebroside

45
Q

lipid that contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group esterified to a glycerol molecule and an alcohol esterified to the phosphate group

A

Glycerophospholipids or Glycerophosphatides

46
Q

occur primarily in the brain

A

Cerebrosides

47
Q

intermediate in the synthesis and degradation of the more complex glycosphingolipids

A

Ceramide-glucose or glucocerebroside

48
Q

kinds of GLYCEROPHOSPHATIDES (Phosphatidic acid + alcohol)

A

1) Phosphatidylserine(PS)
2) Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (cephalin)
3) Phosphatidylcholine (PC)(lecithin)
4) Phosphatidylinositol (PI)
5) Phosphatidylglycerol (PG)

49
Q

simplest sphingoglycolipids

A

Cerebrosides

50
Q

a type of glycosphingolipid with more than one sugar as the side chain (or R group) of ceramide

A

Globosides

51
Q

Phosphatidic acid + alcohol

A

GLYCEROPHOSPHATIDES

52
Q

cholesterol–protein combinations

A

lipoproteins

53
Q

90% drugs are transported across biologic membranes

A

Passive

54
Q

lactosylceramide

A

Globosides

55
Q

LIPOPROTEIN : Protein carrier system

A

1) LDL or Low Density Lipoprotein
2) HDL or High Density Lipoprotein
3) VLDL or Very Low Density Lipoprotein
4) CHYLOMICRONS

56
Q

molecules that crosses: O2, N2, H2O, CO2,urea, and ethanol

A

Passive

57
Q

additional monosaccharides can include substitute sugar such as N-acetylgalactosamine

A

Globosides

57
Q

considered the “BAD” cholesterol, and has been linked to atherosclerosis

A

LDL or Low Density Lipoprotein

58
Q

Uses protein carrier

A

Facilitated
Active

59
Q

negatively charged at physiologic pH, provided by N- acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) (a sialic acid) in ganglioside or by sulphate groups in sulfatides

A

Acidic glycosphingolipids

60
Q

carry cholesterol from the liver to various cells or tissues of the body

A

LDL or Low Density Lipoprotein

61
Q

precipitation of crystallized cholesterol from the bile and the resulting formation of THIS in the gallbladder

A

GALLSTONES

62
Q

aka sulfoglycosphingolipids or sulphated cerebrosides

A

Sulfatides

63
Q

a major cholesterol transport protein which comprises 60% to 70% of total serum cholesterol

A

LDL or Low Density Lipoprotein

64
Q

a fluid containing emulsifying agents that is secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine during digestion

A

BILE

65
Q

contain one or more residues of NANA

A

Gangliosides

66
Q

contain a branched chain of up to seven monosaccharide residues since it’s a derivative of ceramide oligosaccharide

A

Gangliosides

67
Q

considered the “GOOD” cholesterol, and elevated HDL levels are associated with a decreased risk for CHD

A

HDL or High Density Lipoprotein

67
Q

medium through which bile acids are supplied to the small intestine

A

BILE

68
Q

responsible for transport of 20% to 30% of serum cholesterol

A

HDL or High Density Lipoprotein

68
Q

Bile acids that are conjugated with taurine or glycine residues to give anions

A

BILE SALTS

69
Q

residues occur in the gray matter of the brain as well as in the myelin sheath or in the ganglion cells of the CNS particularly in nerve endings

A

Gangliosides

70
Q

carry excess cholesterol from body tissues back to the liver for degradation to bile acids

A

HDL or High Density Lipoprotein

71
Q

always carry an amino acid (either glycine or taurine) attached to the side-chain carboxyl group via an amide linkage

A

BILE ACIDS

72
Q

other names for sulfatides

A

sulfoglycosphingolipids or sulphated cerebrosides

73
Q

transport triacylglycerols from the liver to adipose tissue

A

VLDL or Very Low Density Lipoprotein

74
Q

transport dietary triacylglycerols from the intestines to the liver and adipose tissue

A

CHYLOMICRONS

75
Q

Has sulfate group in galactose

A

Sulfatides

76
Q

a form of cardiovascular disease characterized by the buildup of plaque along the inner walls of arteries

A

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

77
Q

a cholesterol derivative that functions as a lipid-emulsifying agent in the aqueous environment of the digestive tract

A

BILE ACID

78
Q

found predominantly in the brain and kidneys

A

Sulfatides

78
Q

a lipid-based structure that separates a cell’s aqueous-based interior from the aqueous environment surrounding the cell

A

CELL MEMBRANE

79
Q

Cholesterol derivatives that function as emulsifying agents that facilitate the absorption of dietary lipids in the intestine

A

bile acids

80
Q

a lysosomal lipid storage disease due to the partial or total missing of the specific lysosomal enzyme acid hydrolase needed for the synthesis of glycosphingolipids

A

Sphingolipodoses

81
Q

controls movement of substances into and out of the cell

A

CELL MEMBRANE

82
Q

substance that can disperse and stabilize water-insoluble substances as colloidal particles in an aqueous solution

A

Emulsifier

83
Q

C27 steroid ,steroid alcohol, molecule that is a component of cell membranes and a precursor for other steroid-based lipids

A

CHOLESTEROL

83
Q

a two-layer-thick structure of phospholipids and glycolipids in which the nonpolar tails of the lipids are in the middle of the structure and the polar heads are on the outside surfaces of the structure

A

LIPID BILAYER

84
Q

drug binds with an intrinsic factor carrier like vitamin B12

A

Facilitated

85
Q

Typically, 800–1000 mg are biosynthesized each day

A

CHOLESTEROL

86
Q

does not use protein carrier

A

Passive

86
Q

molecules that crosses: Glucose, chloride ion, and bicarbonate ion

A

Facilitated

87
Q

most abundant steroid in the human body (cell membrane up to 25% by mass), in nerve tissue, in brain tissue (about 10% by dry mass)

A

CHOLESTEROL

88
Q

molecules that crosses: Sodium, potassium, and hydronium ions

A

Active

88
Q

every ____mL of human blood plasma contains _____mg free cholesterol and about ___mg of cholesterol is esterified with various fatty acids

A

100 mL, 500 mg, 170 mg

89
Q

does not need energy

A

Passive
Facilitated

90
Q

HIGH conc. → LOW conc.

A

Passive
Facilitated

91
Q

LOW conc. → HIGH conc.

A

Active

92
Q

5-10% of drugs are transported this way

A

Active

92
Q

LIMITED WATER SOLUBILITY: due to the lack of a large polar head group. The –OH group on carbon 3 is considered the head of the molecule

A

CHOLESTEROL

LIPIDS (MOD 2) (5 decks)

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