LIPIDS MAIN PT. 2 Flashcards
used for Alzheimer’s disease, age-related decline in mental function, improving thinking skills in young people, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, preventing exercise-induced stress, and improving athletic performance
Phosphatidylserine(PS)
acts as ‘chaperone’ to help the membrane proteins correctly fold their tertiary structures so that they can function properly
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)(cephalin)
means less than 0.5g of fat per serving
Fat free
DPPC
dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine
dipalmitoyl lecithin
major lipid component of lung surfactant—the extracellular fluid layer lining the alveoli
Phosphatidylcholine (PC)(lecithin)
FATS/OIL:
Lower melting points
OIL
signals transmission across membranes
Phosphatidylinositol (PI)
comprises ~7%–15% of the total phospholipid of pulmonary surfactant although major role has not yet been defined
PHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROL (PG)
FATS/OIL:
“Bends” chain causing the molecule incapable of close packing
OIL
Two molecules of PA esterified through their phosphate groups to an additional molecule of glycerol
Cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycero)
diphosphatidylglycero
Cardiolipin
FATS/OIL:
Mono and polyunsaturated compounds predominates
OIL
found in bacteria and eukaryotes virtually exclusive to the inner mitochondrial membrane, required for the maintenance of certain respiratory complexes of the electron transport chain
Cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycero)
antigenic, and is recognized by antibodies raised against Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis
Cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycero)
FATS/OIL:
Obtained from plants
OIL
bacterium that causes syphilis
Treponema pallidum
When the fatty acid at carbon 1 of a glycerophospholipid is replaced by an unsaturated alkyl group attached by an ether (rather than by an ester) linkage to the core glycerol molecule
Plasmalogens
FATS/OIL:
Liquid at room temp
OIL
Similar in structure to phosphatidyl ethanol amine, now phosphatidalcholine
Plasmalogens
Other quantitative ether lipid in mammal
Plasmalogens
FATS/OIL:
Higher melting point
FAT
PAF
Platelet-activating factor
unusual ether glycero -phospholipid, with a saturated alkyl group in an ether link to carbon 1 and an acetyl residue (rather than a fatty acid) at carbon 2 of the glycerol backbone
Platelet-activating factor
FATS/OIL:
“Linearity” of fatty acids causing the molecule to be closely packed
FATS
triggers potent thrombotic and acute inflammatory events
Platelet-activating factor
activates inflammatory cells and mediates hypersensitivity, acute inflammatory, and anaphylactic reactions
Platelet-activating factor
FATS/OIL:
Saturated compounds predominates
FATS
causes platelets to aggregate and degranulate, and neutrophils and alveolar macrophages to generate superoxide radicals
Platelet-activating factor
a lipid that contains one fatty acid and one phosphate group attached to a sphingosine molecule and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group
Sphingophospholipids
FATS/OIL:
Obtained from animal sources
FATS
Sphingophospholipids in which the alcohol esterified to the phosphate group is choline
Sphingomyelins
found in all cell membranes and are important structural components of the myelin sheath, the protective and insulating coating that surrounds nerves
Sphingomyelins
means 3g or less fat per 50g serving
Low fat
lipid that contains both a fatty acid and a carbohydrate (mono or oligosaccharide) component attached to a sphingosine molecule
SPHINGOGLYCOLIPIDS or GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS
Ceramide-glucose or glucocerebroside – intermediate in the synthesis and degradation of the more complex glycosphingolipids
Cerebrosides
means at least 25% less fat per serving than the regular food
Reduce fat or less fat
TYPES OF SPHINGOGLYCOLIPIDS or GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS
1) Neutral glycosphingolipids
2) Acidic glycosphingolipids
Ceramide-galactose or galactocerebroside – most common cerebroside found in myelin
Cerebrosides
Types of Neutral glycosphingolipids
1) Cerebrosides
2) Globosides
means less than 0.5 kilo calories per serving
Calorie free
a ceramide that contain a single monosaccharide unit—either
glucose or galactose
Cerebrosides
lipid that contains one or more fatty acids, a phosphate group, a platform molecule to which the fatty acid(s) and the phosphate group are attached, and an alcohol that is attached to the phosphate group
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
ceramide oligosaccharide
Globosides
most common cerebroside found in myelin
Ceramide-galactose or galactocerebroside
lipid that contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group esterified to a glycerol molecule and an alcohol esterified to the phosphate group
Glycerophospholipids or Glycerophosphatides
occur primarily in the brain
Cerebrosides
intermediate in the synthesis and degradation of the more complex glycosphingolipids
Ceramide-glucose or glucocerebroside
kinds of GLYCEROPHOSPHATIDES (Phosphatidic acid + alcohol)
1) Phosphatidylserine(PS)
2) Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (cephalin)
3) Phosphatidylcholine (PC)(lecithin)
4) Phosphatidylinositol (PI)
5) Phosphatidylglycerol (PG)
simplest sphingoglycolipids
Cerebrosides
a type of glycosphingolipid with more than one sugar as the side chain (or R group) of ceramide
Globosides
Phosphatidic acid + alcohol
GLYCEROPHOSPHATIDES
cholesterol–protein combinations
lipoproteins
90% drugs are transported across biologic membranes
Passive
lactosylceramide
Globosides
LIPOPROTEIN : Protein carrier system
1) LDL or Low Density Lipoprotein
2) HDL or High Density Lipoprotein
3) VLDL or Very Low Density Lipoprotein
4) CHYLOMICRONS
molecules that crosses: O2, N2, H2O, CO2,urea, and ethanol
Passive
additional monosaccharides can include substitute sugar such as N-acetylgalactosamine
Globosides
considered the “BAD” cholesterol, and has been linked to atherosclerosis
LDL or Low Density Lipoprotein
Uses protein carrier
Facilitated
Active
negatively charged at physiologic pH, provided by N- acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) (a sialic acid) in ganglioside or by sulphate groups in sulfatides
Acidic glycosphingolipids
carry cholesterol from the liver to various cells or tissues of the body
LDL or Low Density Lipoprotein
precipitation of crystallized cholesterol from the bile and the resulting formation of THIS in the gallbladder
GALLSTONES
aka sulfoglycosphingolipids or sulphated cerebrosides
Sulfatides
a major cholesterol transport protein which comprises 60% to 70% of total serum cholesterol
LDL or Low Density Lipoprotein
a fluid containing emulsifying agents that is secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine during digestion
BILE
contain one or more residues of NANA
Gangliosides
contain a branched chain of up to seven monosaccharide residues since it’s a derivative of ceramide oligosaccharide
Gangliosides
considered the “GOOD” cholesterol, and elevated HDL levels are associated with a decreased risk for CHD
HDL or High Density Lipoprotein
medium through which bile acids are supplied to the small intestine
BILE
responsible for transport of 20% to 30% of serum cholesterol
HDL or High Density Lipoprotein
Bile acids that are conjugated with taurine or glycine residues to give anions
BILE SALTS
residues occur in the gray matter of the brain as well as in the myelin sheath or in the ganglion cells of the CNS particularly in nerve endings
Gangliosides
carry excess cholesterol from body tissues back to the liver for degradation to bile acids
HDL or High Density Lipoprotein
always carry an amino acid (either glycine or taurine) attached to the side-chain carboxyl group via an amide linkage
BILE ACIDS
other names for sulfatides
sulfoglycosphingolipids or sulphated cerebrosides
transport triacylglycerols from the liver to adipose tissue
VLDL or Very Low Density Lipoprotein
transport dietary triacylglycerols from the intestines to the liver and adipose tissue
CHYLOMICRONS
Has sulfate group in galactose
Sulfatides
a form of cardiovascular disease characterized by the buildup of plaque along the inner walls of arteries
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
a cholesterol derivative that functions as a lipid-emulsifying agent in the aqueous environment of the digestive tract
BILE ACID
found predominantly in the brain and kidneys
Sulfatides
a lipid-based structure that separates a cell’s aqueous-based interior from the aqueous environment surrounding the cell
CELL MEMBRANE
Cholesterol derivatives that function as emulsifying agents that facilitate the absorption of dietary lipids in the intestine
bile acids
a lysosomal lipid storage disease due to the partial or total missing of the specific lysosomal enzyme acid hydrolase needed for the synthesis of glycosphingolipids
Sphingolipodoses
controls movement of substances into and out of the cell
CELL MEMBRANE
substance that can disperse and stabilize water-insoluble substances as colloidal particles in an aqueous solution
Emulsifier
C27 steroid ,steroid alcohol, molecule that is a component of cell membranes and a precursor for other steroid-based lipids
CHOLESTEROL
a two-layer-thick structure of phospholipids and glycolipids in which the nonpolar tails of the lipids are in the middle of the structure and the polar heads are on the outside surfaces of the structure
LIPID BILAYER
drug binds with an intrinsic factor carrier like vitamin B12
Facilitated
Typically, 800–1000 mg are biosynthesized each day
CHOLESTEROL
does not use protein carrier
Passive
molecules that crosses: Glucose, chloride ion, and bicarbonate ion
Facilitated
most abundant steroid in the human body (cell membrane up to 25% by mass), in nerve tissue, in brain tissue (about 10% by dry mass)
CHOLESTEROL
molecules that crosses: Sodium, potassium, and hydronium ions
Active
every ____mL of human blood plasma contains _____mg free cholesterol and about ___mg of cholesterol is esterified with various fatty acids
100 mL, 500 mg, 170 mg
does not need energy
Passive
Facilitated
HIGH conc. → LOW conc.
Passive
Facilitated
LOW conc. → HIGH conc.
Active
5-10% of drugs are transported this way
Active
LIMITED WATER SOLUBILITY: due to the lack of a large polar head group. The –OH group on carbon 3 is considered the head of the molecule
CHOLESTEROL
