LIPIDS MAIN Flashcards
ALL CLASS EXCEPT MEMBRANE LIPIDS
percentage of fat in the brain?
60
organic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble (or only sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents
LIPIDS
TRUE / FALSE:
Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents
TRUE
TRUE / FALSE:
Lipids do not have a common structural feature that serves as the basis for defining such compounds
TRUE
general functions of lipids
- Efficient energy sources
- Serve as thermal insulators
- Structural components of the cell membrane
- Serve as precursors for hormones
- dissolve the vitamins, which are fat- soluble and assist their digestion
FIVE CATEGORIES OF LIPIDS BASED ON CHEMICAL FUNCTION
1) ENERGY STORAGE
2) MEMBRANE LIPIDS
3) EMULSIFICATION LIPIDS
4) MESSENGER LIPIDS
5) PROTECTIVE- COATING LIPIDS
TRUE / FALSE:
Lipids are soluble in polar organic solevnts
FALSE
identify which category of lipids:
Triacyglycerol
ENERGY STORAGE
TRUE / FALSE:
Lipids are insoluble in water
TRUE
identify which category of lipids:
biological waxes
PROTECTIVE- COATING LIPIDS
CATEGORIES OF LIPIDS BASED ON SAPONIFIABILITY
SAPONIFIABLE
NONSAPONIFIABLE
TRUE / FALSE:
Lipids are soluble in nonpolar organic solvents
TRUE
Saponifiable lipids
TAG, phospholipids, sphingoglycolipids, & biological waxes
identify which category of lipids:
steroid hormones and eicosanoids
MESSENGER LIPIDS
TRUE / FALSE:
Lipids are soluble in water
FALSE
identify which category of lipids:
Bile acids
EMULSIFICATION LIPIDS
nonsaponifiable lipids
cholesterol, steroid hormones, bile acids, eicosanoids
TRUE / FALSE:
Lipids’ characterization is based on solubility characteristics
TRUE
SAPON/NONSAPON:
TAG
SAPON
identify which category of lipids:
phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol
MEMBRANE LIPIDS
hydrolysis of esters
SAPONIFIABILITY
SAPON/NONSAPON:
phospholipids
SAPON
SAPON/NONSAPON:
fats and oils
SAPON
SAPON/NONSAPON:
sphingoglycolipids
SAPON
easily hydrolyzed by NaOH
SAPON
SAPON/NONSAPON:
biological waxes
SAPON
building blocks of lipids
Fatty acids
SAPON/NONSAPON:
cholesterol
NONSAPON
naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid
Fatty acids
SAPON/NONSAPON:
steroid hormones
NONSAPON
FATTY ACIDS BASED ON CARBON CHAIN LENGTH
- long-chain fatty acids (C12 to C26)
- medium-chain fatty acids (C8 and C10)
- short-chain fatty acids (C4 and C6)
SAPON/NONSAPON:
bile acids
NONSAPON
carbon placement of long-chain FA
C12 to c26
SAPON/NONSAPON:
eicosanoids
NONSAPON
CLASSIFICATION OF FATTY ACID RESIDUES PRESENT IN TRIACYLGLYCEROL:
1) BASED ON DEGREE OF UNSATURATION
2) BASED ON CONFIGURATION OF DOUBLE BOND (either mono or polyunsaturated)
3) BASED ON LOCATION OF DOUBLE BOND
carbon placement of medium-chain FA
C8 and C10
CLASSIFICATION OF FATTY ACID RESIDUES PRESENT IN TRIACYLGLYCEROL: BASED ON DEGREE OF UNSATURATION
1) SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
2) MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
3) POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
carbon placement of short-chain FA
C4 and C6
the major starting material for eicosanoids, a substances that help regulate blood pressure, clotting, and several other important body functions
Arachidonic acid
a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which all carbon–carbon bonds are single bonds
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Deficiency of LINOLEIC ACID
1) a-linolenic acid causes scaly dermatitis (ichthyosis)
2) hairloss poor wound healing
3) visual and neurological abnormalities
a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which one carbon–carbon double bond is present
MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
EPA meaning
eicosapentaenoic acid
fatty acid with a carbon chain in which two or more carbon–carbon double bonds are present
POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
primary member of the omega-3 FA
LINOLENIC ACID
Aka BAD FAT
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Suppresses cardiac arrhythmia
LINOLENIC ACID
dietary effect is an increase in heart disease risk
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Reduces serum TAG
LINOLENIC ACID
Aka GOOD FAT
MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Decrease tendency of thrombosis
LINOLENIC ACID
Dietary effect is a decrease in heart disease risk
MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Decrease BP
LINOLENIC ACID
Dietary effect is “mixed”;
POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Reduce risk of cardiovascular mortality
LINOLENIC ACID
As GOOD FAT- decrease heart
disease risk
As BAD FAT – increase cancer risk
POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Little effect on LDL and HDL cholesterol levels
LINOLENIC ACID
CLASSIFICATION OF FATTY ACID RESIDUES PRESENT IN TRIACYLGLYCEROL: BASED ON CONFIGURATION OF DOUBLE BOND (either mono or polyunsaturated)
1) -cis
2) -trans
starting material for the biosynthesis of two additional omega-3 fatty acids EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) are important constituents of the communication membranes of the brain and are necessary for normal brain development. EPA and DHA are also active in the retina of the eye
LINOLENIC ACID
contain in naturally occurring fatty acids associated with good fat
-cis
DHA meaning
docosahexaenoic acid
Hydrogenation converts some cis to trans double bonds. (opposite position)
-trans
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FATTY ACIDS
1) WATER SOLUBILITY
2) MELTING POINT
groups in the double bond is located in the same position causing the FA to stay bend
-cis
direct function of carbon chain length; solubility decreases as carbon chain length increases
Water solubility
have effects on blood chemistry similar to those of saturated fatty acids.(BAD FAT)
-trans
strongly influenced by both carbon chain length and degree of unsaturation (number of double bonds present)
Melting points
CLASSIFICATION OF FATTY ACID RESIDUES PRESENT IN TRIACYLGLYCEROL: BASED ON LOCATION OF DOUBLE BOND
1) Omega -3
2) Omega-6
TRUE / FALSE:
As carbon chain length increases, melting point increases
TRUE
First double bond is three carbons away from the -CH3 end of the carbon chain
Omega -3
Most abundant type of lipids present in the body
TAG
LINOLENIC ACID (18:3) is the primary member of this family & a precursor for EPA & DHA
Omega -3
the main storage form of fatty acids
TAG
First double bond is six carbons away from the CH3 end of the carbon chain
Omega-6
they account for greater than 90% of dietary fat intake
TAG
LINOLEIC ACID (18:2) is the primary member of this family & a precursor for arachidonic acid
Omega-6
More efficient at storing energy than glycogen
TAG
C18H30O2
LINOLENIC ACID
concentrated in adipocytes found under the skin, in the abdominal cavity, in mammary gland, etc
TAG
C18H32O2
LINOLEIC ACID
Lipid formed through esterification (ester linkage) of 3 fatty acid with glycerol
TAG
a fatty acid needed in the human body that must be obtained from dietary sources because it cannot be synthesized within the body, in adequate amounts, from other substances
ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
substitute term for TAG
FAT
(18:2)
LINOLEIC ACID
2 TYPES OF TRIACYLGLYCEROL
1) Simple Triacylglycerol
2) Mixed Triacylglycerol
(18:3)
LINOLENIC ACID
a triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with three identical fatty acids molecule
Simple Triacylglycerol
primary member of the omega-6 FA
LINOLEIC ACID
triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with more than one kind of fatty acid molecules
Mixed Triacylglycerol
From vegetable oil
LINOLEIC ACID
NATURALLY OCCURING MIXTURES OF TRIACYLGLYCEROL
1) FAT
2) OILS
Decreases plasma cholesterol and decreases HDL
LINOLEIC ACID
a triacylglycerol mixture that is a solid or a semi-solid at room temperature (25 C)
FAT
Sources: Nuts, avocados, olives, soybeans
LINOLEIC ACID
Generally, _____ are obtained from animal sources
FATS
Deficiency:including a-linolenic acid causes scaly dermatitis (ichthyosis), hairloss poor wound healing, visual and neurological abnormalities.
LINOLEIC ACID
a triacylglycerol mixture that is a liquid at room temperature (25 C)
OILS
the starting material for the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid
LINOLEIC ACID
FATS / OILS:
Solid or semisolid at room temp
FATS
Arachidonic acid is the major starting material for eicosanoids, a substances that help regulate blood pressure, clotting, and several other important body functions
LINOLEIC ACID
