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Biochemistry > Lipids Chemistry and Metabolism > Flashcards

Lipids Chemistry and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

The storage form of fatty acids are

A

triacylglycerol

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2
Q

A glycerol is bonded to the phosphate group

A

Phosphatidylglycerol

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3
Q

are fatty acids esterified to a backbone called glycerol

A

triacylglycerol

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4
Q

Derived from glycerol-3 phosphate in which C2and C3 are esterified to two fatty acyl side chains

A

Glycerophospholipid

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5
Q

functions of lipids

A
  1. fuel
  2. serve as thermal insulators
  3. provides protection
  4. building blocks or precursors
  5. structural
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6
Q

The core of a lipoprotein structure is made up of the most hydrophobic component namely
_____ and __________.

A

triacylglycerol; cholesterol esters

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7
Q

Mediators for inflammation and pain

A

prostaglandins

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8
Q

Found in fish & oyster (tuna, mackerel, sardines, salmon) – at least twice a week serving

A

linolenic acid

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9
Q

configuration of unsaturated FA wherein it behaves much like a saturated fatty acid

A

TRANS configuration

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10
Q

Form of fatty acid that is physiologically very useful

A

prostaglandins

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11
Q

smallest lipoprotein

A

HDL

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12
Q

triacylglycerol is synthesized through ________ between glycerol and
fatty acids

A

dehydration reaction

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13
Q

_______ have molecules that are closer to
each other so they are expected to be _____ at room temperature and they have a _____ melting point

A

saturated fatty acids; solid; higher

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14
Q

in unsaturated FA, it has two or more double bond

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

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15
Q

configuration of unsaturated FA wherein it is still linear

A

TRANS configuration

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16
Q

storage form of fatty acids

A

triacylglycerol

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17
Q

most abundant lipids
found in biological membrane

A

Glycerophospholipid

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18
Q

it carry TAGs from liver

A

VLDL

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19
Q

helps to keep the membrane fluid

A

cholesterol

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20
Q

it can be either saturated or unsaturated

A

fatty acid

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21
Q

The most common of all steroid in the human body is

A

cholesterol

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22
Q

They have no presence of double bond in the chain

A

saturated fatty acids

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23
Q

Whether fatty acids are long, medium or short chains, they can be further divided into two:

A

saturated and unsaturated

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24
Q

it has a carbon chain that are filled
with hydrogen

A

saturated fatty acids

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25
Q

2 kinds of lipids:

A
  • the storage lipid
  • the membrane lipid
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26
Q

What are the components of a Phosphosphingolipid?

A
  • The backbone is a sphingosine
  • The tail is a fatty acid (one only). Usually it is saturated
  • The head is a phosphate
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27
Q

in terms of density, chylomicron is the _______

A

least dense

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28
Q

ω6

A

linoleic acid

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29
Q

2 CONFIGURATION OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

A

CIS configuration and TRANS configuration

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30
Q

Prevent heart disease, arthritis, cancer

A

linolenic acid

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31
Q

ω3

A

linolenic acid

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32
Q

they are hydrocarbons with carboxyl functional group

A

fatty acids

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33
Q

are both essential fatty acids

A

linoleic acid and linolenic acid

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34
Q

amphipathic

A

phospholipids

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35
Q

it is the major component of the cell membrane

A

phospholipids

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36
Q

it lacks some hydrogen so it is expected to at least have a double bond

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

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37
Q

it is intercalated at the hydrophobic region
at the inner most part of the lipid bilayer in between the tails of the chains

A

cholesterol

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38
Q

it is a derivative of VLDL. It predominantly contains cholesterol

A

LDL

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39
Q

these are esters of fatty acids with glycerol

A

fats and oils

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40
Q

What is the predominant storage form of lipid?

A

Triacylglycerol (TAG)

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41
Q

usually solid in room temperature and are of animal source

A

fat

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42
Q

what kinds of backbone can phospholipids have

A

They can have either glycerol or sphingosine

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43
Q

A class of lipid that is made up of Sphingosine esterified to a fatty acid and a monosaccharide or oligosaccharide

A

sphingoglycolipid

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44
Q

common characteristics of lipids:

A

low solubility in water and high solubility in non-polar organic solvents

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45
Q

High fat in diet = ____ calorie diet

A

high

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46
Q

Anti-inflammatory

A

linolenic acid

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47
Q

comparison of Glycerophospholipid and Phosphosphingolipid in terms of backbone, tail, and head

A

Glycerophospholipid
backbone: glycerol
tail: 2 FA
head: phosphate

Phosphosphingolipid
backbone: sphingosine
tail: 1 FA
head: phosphate

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48
Q

In Acid Number, you are only ______________ and
this is carried out in the presence of an alkali such as _______ or _______

A

neutralizing the free fatty acids; KOH; NaOH

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49
Q

What is the limit of cholesterol in a day?

A
  • Total fat intake should be: < 30 Kcal
  • Total cholesterol should be: < 300 mg/day
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50
Q

4 classes of lipoproteins

A
  1. Chylomicrons
  2. VLDL
  3. LDL
  4. HDL
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51
Q

Fat oils, nut seeds

A

linoleic acid

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52
Q

Class of lipids containing a backbone of sphingoid bases; compounds which are essential in signal transmission and recognition

A

Phosphosphingolipid

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53
Q

It is a saturated fatty acid, it has a straight chain

A

stearic acid

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54
Q

it is the simplest type of sphingoglycolipid. it has a monosaccharide as its head either a glucose or a galactose

A

Cerebroside

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55
Q

esters of fatty acids with high molecular weight monohydric alcohols

A

waxes

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56
Q

It is composed of three rings (A, B, C) which are 6-membered and all fused together and the fourth ring (D) is a 5 membered ring

A

cholesterol

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57
Q

The outer leaflet of the cell membrane is predominantly made up of ________

A

phosphatidylcholine

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58
Q

Found chiefly in animal tissues

A

phospholipids

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59
Q

structure of Glycerophospholipid

A

There is a polar head, the phosphate, and two tails

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60
Q

it functions as carriers of lipid from one place of the body to another

A

lipoproteins

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61
Q

When it is unsaturated there’s a presence of double bond, there’s a presence of kink in the hydrocarbon chain, less compact, less ordered, appears liquid at room temperature, and requires lower temperature to melt them

A

triacylglycerol

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62
Q

in unsaturated FA, it has only one double bond

A

Monounsaturated fatty acid

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63
Q

Important class of local hormone which regulates the immune system

A

prostaglandins

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64
Q

configuration of unsaturated FA wherein the H atoms are on the opposite sides of the bond

A

TRANS configuration

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65
Q

in triacylglycerol, you can reverse the reaction through _________

A

saponification

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66
Q

the TAGs of
chylomicron are ________

A

exogenous (outside source)

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67
Q

amount in mg of KOH or NaOH required to neutralize free fatty acids in 1g of oil/fat

A

acid number

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68
Q

bends in the hydrocarbon chain

A

kinks

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69
Q

Clusters of lipids and proteins are called

A

lipoproteins

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70
Q

in terms of density, HDL is the _______

A

most dense

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71
Q

2 Common characteristics of lipids

A
  1. Low solubility in water
  2. High solubility in organic non-polar solvents
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72
Q

This is kind of fatty acid is usually found in animal sources like as butter, lard, and some tropical plants like palm and coconut

A

saturated fatty acids

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73
Q

configuration of unsaturated FA wherein the H atoms are on the same side of the bond

A

CIS configuration

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74
Q

If the backbone is sphingosine, what are the other components?

A

We only have one fatty acid for the tail, and the head is still a phosphate

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75
Q

Indicate degree of unsaturation of fat/oil

A

iodine number

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76
Q

fatty meats, chicken skin, butter, cream, full cream milk, cheese, ice cream, lard, coconut oil, palm oil, chocolate, deep fried foods, takeaway and fast foods

A

saturated (bad fats)

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77
Q

In sphingoglycolipid, the backbone is _______, the tail is a ______ and the head is
a ______

A

sphingosine; fatty acid; sugar (monosaccharide or oligosaccharide)

78
Q

biscuits, cakes, pastries, doughnuts

A

trans (bad fats)

79
Q

oleic acid have curves, those curves are the result of double bond called,

A

kinks

80
Q

The Hydroxyl group of Ser is the one bonded to the Oxygen of phosphate which is another ester linkage

A

Phosphatidylserine

81
Q

is a lipid often represented as having a polar head and a hydrophobic tail, both groups are attached to a common backbone

A

phospholipids

82
Q

good cholesterol, carry cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver

A

HDL

83
Q

comparison of Cerebroside and Ganglioside in terms of backbone, tail, and head

A

Cerebroside
backbone: sphingosine
tail: 1 FA
head: Monosaccharide

Ganglioside
backbone: sphingosine
tail: 1 FA
head: Oligosaccharide

84
Q

it is acted upon by enzyme COX (Cyclooxygenase) and will be synthesized into Prostaglandin

A

Arachidonic acid

85
Q

In the nervous tissue, we have a special kind of lipid called

A

sphingoglycolipid

86
Q

sunflower oil, soybean, corn, cottonseed, margarine spread, linseed, walnuts, brazil nuts, pecans, pine nuts, wheatgerm, oily fish, and fish oils

A

polyunsaturated (good fats)

87
Q

number of carbons in medium chain fatty acid

A

6-10 carbons

88
Q

amount in mg of KOH or NaOH required to completely saponify 100g of oil/fat

A

saponification number

89
Q

An amino containing group is bonded to the phosphate

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine

90
Q

So there are 2 glycerol, sandwiched in between them is a phosphate. They also have two tails of fatty acids

A

Phosphatidylglycerol

91
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids can be further divided into two

A

monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

92
Q

the most concentrated storage form of energy

A

fats

93
Q

the TAGs of the VLDL
are ________

A

endogenous (source is made by the body itself)

94
Q

A variation of phosphatidylethanolamine where the Hydrogen is replaced with 3 Methyl group which is called a choline.

A

Phosphatidylcholine

95
Q

the larger the amount of KOH or NaOH needed, the ____ free fatty
acid

A

larger

96
Q

comparison of Phosphosphingolipid and Sphingoglycolipid in terms of backbone, tail, and head

A

Phosphosphingolipid
backbone: sphingosine
tail: 1 FA
head: phosphate

Sphingoglycolipid
backbone: sphingosine
tail: 1 FA
head: mono or oligosaccharide

97
Q

important component of cell membrane, integral component of plasma lipoproteins, involved in blood coagulation, solubilizes cholesterol in bile

A

phospholipids

98
Q

it is a 3 carbon alcohol

A

glycerol

99
Q

kinds of membrane lipids which can be found all throughout the body

A

phospholipids

100
Q

Cholesterol’s lipid structure is based on a 4-ring system called

A

cyclopentanophenanthrene ring

101
Q

transports lipids from your diet into your general circulation

A

chylomicrons

102
Q

largest lipoprotein

A

chylomicron

103
Q

types of bad fats

A
  • saturated
  • trans
104
Q

It is unsaturated fatty acid, it has two double bond

A

linoleic acid

105
Q

A 24-carbon fatty acid

A

prostaglandins

106
Q

is the prototype for a long chain saturated fatty acid. It contains 16 carbons

A

palmitic acid

107
Q

If the backbone is a glycerol, what are the other components?

A

Two fatty acids for the tails and phosphate for the head

108
Q

It is responsible for the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

A

phospholipids

109
Q

ADA and DHA- form Omega-3

A

linolenic acid

110
Q

Limit cholesterol intake to _________

A

<300mg/day

111
Q

components of fatty acid

A
  • Carboxylic acid functional group (COOH)
  • Long hydrocarbon chains
112
Q

canola oil, olive oil, olives, margarine spread, avocado, almonds, peanut, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamias, pistachio, egg yolk

A

monounsaturated (good fats)

113
Q

lipids containing fatty acid, sphingosine and carbohydrate residues

A

glycolipids

114
Q

It is unsaturated fatty acid, it has three double bond

A

linolenic acid

115
Q

health effects of dietary fat in blood cholesterol

A

Raise blood cholesterol

116
Q

lipids can no longer undergo hydrolyzation in an alkaline condition

A

nonsaponifiable

117
Q

They serve as transport vehicle for fat.

A

lipoproteins

118
Q

To prevent its negative effects, limit to ______ of total caloric intake

A

<30%

119
Q

it is excreted in the form of bile acids

A

cholesterol

120
Q

it is the addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated fatty acid carried out under very high temperature

A

hydrogenation

121
Q

Higher iodine number, _____ degree of unsaturation,
_____ double bond (C=C)

A

higher; more

122
Q

can be utilized as a precursor for several important steroid hormones and Vitamin D

A

cholesterol

123
Q

it’s alcohol is sphingosine

A

Sphingophospholipids

124
Q

bad cholesterol, carry cholesterol to peripheral tissues

A

LDL

125
Q

two kinds of membrane lipids

A

phospholipids and sphingoglycolipids

126
Q

It is the simplest of all glycerophospholipid

A

Phosphatidic Acid

127
Q

There is a part of the molecule that is hydrophobic (nonpolar) and hydrophilic (polar)

A

amphipathic

128
Q

Commonly called as fats and oils

A

triacylglycerol

129
Q

kinds of membrane lipids exclusively found in the brain

A

sphingoglycolipids

130
Q

lipids yield how many cal/g

A

yields 9 cal/g

131
Q

Found in meats & poultry

A

linoleic acid

132
Q

lipids can be classified based on

A
  1. structure
  2. Ability to undergo hydrolysis under alkaline condition
133
Q

Fatty acid esters of glycerol

A

triacylglycerol

134
Q

dietary fat promotes what types of cancer

A

Promote breast cancer and colonic cancer

135
Q

There are two types of sphingoglycolipids:

A
  1. Cerebroside
  2. Ganglioside
136
Q

Where can you find this TAG?

A

Stored in the adipocytes

137
Q

liquid in room temperature and are usually of plant origin

A

oil

138
Q

HDL is packed
with a lot of ______

A

proteins

139
Q

number of carbons in short chain fatty acid

A

< 6 carbons

140
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid can be converted into a
saturated fatty acid through a reaction called

A

hydrogenation

141
Q

When it is saturated it is expected to have a straight chain, more ordered and more compact in structure, they appear solid at room temp, and requires high temperature to melt them

A

triacylglycerol

142
Q

Is cholesterol unsaturated?

A

Yes, because of the presence of double
bond between number 5 and 6 at ring B

143
Q

two types of phospholipids

A
  • Glycerophospholipid
  • Sphingophospholipids
144
Q

is cholesterol an alcohol?

A

Yes because it has an OH at position # 3

145
Q

Prevents diseases like cancer, hypertension & heart diseases

A

essential fatty acid

146
Q

it is what we want wherein the hydrogen will attack the double bond resulting to the formation of the saturated fatty acid

A

complete hydrogenation

147
Q

Comprise of very heterogeneous group of compounds

A

lipids

148
Q

Precursor and derivatives of lipids

A

glycerol
steroids
fatty aldehydes
ketone bodies
hormones
Vitamin D

149
Q

is the prototype for long a long chain unsaturated fatty acid. It has 18 carbons and at the very center, you’ll find the presence of a double bond

A

oleic acid

150
Q

it is the most abundant animal steroid

A

cholesterol

151
Q

Involved in the contraction of smooth muscles, control of inflammation, body temperature, and other physiologic processes

A

prostaglandins

152
Q

configuration of unsaturated FA wherein it bends in 120 degree at the C=C

A

CIS configuration

153
Q

it serves as the backbone for Phosphosphingolipid

A

Sphingosine

154
Q

normal calorie intake of female and male

A

Female: 2000 cal per day
Male: 2500 cal per day

2000 x 30% = 600 KCal/ 9 KCal = 65 grams of fat
(This is your limit per day)

155
Q

they are heterogeneous class of biomolecule, they have variations
in terms of structure

A

lipids

156
Q

Vegetable oils (corn, sunflower, soybean)

A

linoleic acid

157
Q

means that the body does not produce or synthesize them and that it should be provided in the diet

A

essential fatty acid

158
Q

To transfer one fat from one part of the body to another part of the body

A

lipoproteins

159
Q

these are biological molecule components. These are esters of fatty acids and alcohols together with some other head groups

A

complex lipids

160
Q

Fatty acids can be classified by

A
  1. Length of the hydrocarbon tail
  2. Degree of unsaturation
161
Q

number of carbons in long chain fatty acid

A

12-16 carbons

162
Q

esters of fatty acid and alcohol containing phosphoric acid residue

A

phospholipids

163
Q

It has a steroid nucleus

A

cholesterol

164
Q

its physiologic significance is that it makes up the inner leaflet of the cell membrane

A

Phosphatidylserine

165
Q

Derived from arachidonic acid which is polyunsaturated fatty acid with 4 double bonds

A

prostaglandins

166
Q

types of fatty acid

A
  1. long chain
  2. medium chain
  3. short chain
167
Q

In Saponification Number, you are completely __________ the ______ or ______.

A

saponifying the oil or fats

168
Q

configuration of unsaturated FA wherein it has a kink on the hydrocarbon chain

A

CIS configuration

169
Q

Major class of naturally occurring phospholipid

A

Glycerophospholipid

170
Q

It has a glycerol, phosphate and 2 fatty acids

A

Phosphatidic Acid

171
Q

types of good fats

A
  • monounsaturated
  • polyunsaturated
172
Q

The hydrogen is replaced with the amino acid Serine

A

Phosphatidylserine

173
Q

The backbone is _____ and esterified to it are 3 ______

A

glycerol; fatty acids

174
Q

a types of sphingoglycolipids wherein it has a head that is more complex. Its head is an oligosaccharide, the short chain of monosaccharides

A

Ganglioside

175
Q

this fatty acid can be saturated or unsaturated

A

triacylglycerol

176
Q

it’s alcohol is
glycerol

A

Glycerophospholipids

177
Q

backbone is glycerol

A

Glycerophospholipid

178
Q

g of iodine that combine with 100g of oil/fat

A

iodine number

179
Q

Important biomolecules and are derivatives of unsaturated fatty acid (ω6)

A

prostaglandins

180
Q

Excess fat intake can lead to:

A

o Obesity
o Diabetes
o Caner (Colon & Breast)
o Heart Disease

181
Q

backbone is sphingosine

A

Sphingophospholipids

182
Q

It is unsaturated fatty acid, it has one double bond

A

oleic acid

183
Q

Why do we want to hydrogenate an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

hydrogenating an unsaturated fatty acids prolongs the shelf life of foods. Through hydrogenation, it will make the oil of the food solid at room temperature.

184
Q

One way to lower blood cholesterol is to give drugs that bind to bile
acids like _________-.

A

cholestyramine

185
Q

it contains an amino group (NH), a hydroxyl group (OH) and a significantly long carbon chain. It is not as simple as glycerol

A

sphingosine

186
Q

made up of few elements and can no longer be broken down into smaller units

A

simple lipids

187
Q

exposure to alkaline media will break them down into simpler components

A

saponifiable

188
Q

it carry dietary TAGs from intestines to other tissues

A

chylomicrons

189
Q

Limit unsaturated fatty acid _____ of caloric intake

A

<10%

190
Q

Play a role in normal growth and development

A

essential fatty acid

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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