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Biochemistry > Carbohydrate Chemistry > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

They are the polysaccharide chains containing repeating disaccharide units of amino sugars and uronic acid

A

Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs)/Mucopolysaccharides

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2
Q

value of sucrose

A

100

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3
Q

Type of Diabetes Mellitus which can be prevented through lifestyle modification

A

Type 2

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4
Q

Type of Diabetes Mellitus which requires insulin injections for life

A

Type 1

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5
Q

Checks your blood glucose at a random time of day.

A

random blood sugar

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6
Q

Sugar carried by the blood and utilized by the tissues

A

D-Glucose

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7
Q

it is produced by partial hydrolysis of starch (either salivary amylase or pancreatic amylase)

A

maltose

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8
Q

A test for Pentoses and Galactoses

A

Tollen’s Test

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9
Q

Oxidation of 1g of fats

A

yields to 9kcal of energy

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10
Q

Polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones with three or more carbons occurring as a single unit with no glycosidic connection with other units having at least a potential carbonyl group

A

Monosaccharides/Glycoses

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11
Q

milk is from what kind of sugar

A

lactose

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12
Q

in starch, hydrolysis also yields the disaccharides …

A

maltose and isomaltose

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13
Q

Source of D-Lyxose

A

Heart muscle

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14
Q

Type of Monosaccharide in Lactose

A

glu + gal

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15
Q

It is present in cells as granules (high MW)

A

glycogen

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16
Q

They cannot be hydrolyzed further to simple sugars

A

Monosaccharides/Glycoses

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17
Q

Type of Diabetes Mellitus which requires insulin as needed, injected, or oral

A

Type 2

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18
Q

Source of D-Glucose

A

Fruit juice
hydrolysis of starch
cane sugar
maltose
lactose

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19
Q

low blood glucose

A

Hypoglycemia

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20
Q

Source of glycogen

A

animal

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21
Q

Complete hydrolysis of glycogen yields

A

glucose

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22
Q

Glucose measurement methods

A
  1. Glucose oxidase
  2. Glucose dehydrogenase
  3. Hexokinase
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23
Q

Carbohydrates is made up of what components

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

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24
Q

metabolized in the distal ileum and colon by bacteria to lactic acid, formic acid, and acetic acid

A

Lactulose

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25
Q

precipitate of copper sulfate as oxidizing agent

A

brick red of Cu2O

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26
Q

disaccharide that is not a reducing sugar

A

sucrose (table sugar)

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27
Q

It provides strength and rigidity for bacteria

A

bacterial cell wall

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28
Q

Several products are used in the management of osteoarthritis symptoms (Hyalagan and Synvisc)

A

Hyaluronic Acid derivatives

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29
Q

FIELDS INVOLVED IN THE STUDY OF CHO

A
  • Diabetology/Internal Medicine/General Medicine,
  • Glycobiology,
  • Glycomics,
  • Biochemistry,
  • Nutrition
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30
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Disaccharides
Trisaccharides
Tetrasaccharides
Pentasaccharides

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31
Q

two major aldohexose in nature

A

glucose and galactose

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32
Q

Products of the reaction of glucose and the enzyme transglucosidase from Leuconostoc mesenteriode

A

dextrans

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33
Q

Type of Diabetes Mellitus which causes are unknown, but genetics may play a role

A

Type 1

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34
Q

the formation of pentose from hexoses

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway/Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

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35
Q

Macromolecules consisting of (usually 3 to 10) monosaccharide units and their derivatives joined by glycosidic linkages of specified length

A

oligosaccharides

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36
Q

what happens in oxidation

A

losing electrons (-) = gaining protons (+)

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37
Q

Monosaccharide with an actual or potential ketonic carbonyl group

A

ketoses

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38
Q

uses of maltose

A
  1. nutrient (malt extract; horduem vulgare)
  2. sweeter
  3. fermentative reagent
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39
Q

a semi synthetic disaccharide that is not absorbed in the GIT

A

Lactulose

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40
Q

A blood sample is taken after a patient fasts for at least 8 hours

A

Fasting Blood Sugar

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41
Q

They form colloidal solutions or suspensions when dissolved

A

Polysacharide/Glycan/Glycosan

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42
Q

Examples of Disaccharides

A

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

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43
Q

second most abundant carbohydrate polymer

A

chitin

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44
Q

the biological energy fuel for all living systems

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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45
Q

pectins can be found in

A

pulp of fruits (citrus,apples)

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46
Q

sugar with an available carbonyl group (C=O)

A

reducing sugar

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47
Q

Pectins are composed of

A

galactans and arabans

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48
Q

oligosaccharide means

A

few sugar

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49
Q

Source of D-Galactose

A

hydrolysis of lactose

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50
Q

Source of cellulose

A

plant

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51
Q

Partial hydrolysis of cellulose yields

A

cellubiose

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52
Q

Seliwanoff’s Test’s positive color reaction

A

dark color reaction

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53
Q

iodine in glycogen gives a ___ color

A

red-violet

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54
Q

Source of D-Ribose

A

Nucleic acid

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55
Q

characteristics and diagnostic for starch

A

blue color given by helical conformation iodine

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56
Q

breaking down of glycogen resulting to glucose

A

glycogenolysis

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57
Q

components of glycolipids and glycoprotein

A

D-Galactose

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58
Q

inverted sugar

A

action of invase

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59
Q

Positive Tollen’s test precipitate

A

metallic silver

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60
Q

what protein transports molecule in carbohydrates

A

glycoprotein

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61
Q

hemostat

A

Oxidized cellulose

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62
Q

Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs)/Mucopolysaccharides is called _____ when linked to a protein core via a serine or threonine (O-linked)

A

proteoglycans

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63
Q

examples of aldoses

A

glucose and glyceraldehyde

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64
Q

Source of D-Xylose

A

wood, gums, proteoglycans, GAGs

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65
Q

Also known as animal starch

A

glycogen

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66
Q

Type of Diabetes Mellitus which the body does not create enough insulin or develops insulin resistance

A

Type 2

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67
Q

Process of Seliwanoff’s Test

A

reduction

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68
Q

sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

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69
Q

other term for sucrose

A

table sugar

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70
Q

where can you locate a glycogen

A

stored in muscle and liver

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71
Q

From red to blue reaction

A

Killiani’s Test

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72
Q

It has a lower MW than starch

A

Inulin

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73
Q

It determines the gram staining characteristic of the bacteria

A

bacterial cell wall

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74
Q

three major classes of carbohydrates

A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. disaccharides
  3. polysaccharides
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75
Q

Used as suspending agents, gelling agents, thickening agents, emulsifiers, foam stabilizers, crystallization inhibitors, adhesives, binding agents, agar, tragacanth, karaya, carrageenan, gum Arabic (acacia), furcellaran, sodium alginate, locust bean gum

A

gums

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76
Q

Value of fructose

A

173.3

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77
Q

failure to metabolize leads to galactosemia and cataract

A

D-Galactose

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78
Q

uses of lactose

A
  1. infant formulation
  2. penicillin production
  3. diluents in pharmaceuticals
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79
Q

Functions of Carbohydrates

A
  1. Broken down to yield ATP
  2. Serve as intermediates for the biosynthesis of biochemical
    entities
  3. Associated with other entities such as glycosides, vitamins
    and antibiotics
  4. They serve as precursors for DNA, RNA and ascorbic acid
    synthesis
  5. They form structural tissues in plants and in microorganism
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80
Q

sugar in Type A

A

GalNAc
N - Acetylgalactosamine

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81
Q

mirror image of each other

A

enantiomers

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82
Q

Carbohydrates is derived from

A

Hydrates of carbon
it has water and made up of carbon

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83
Q

invert sugar

A

mixed equal parts of glucose and fructose

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84
Q

rayon, photographic film, plastics

A

Cellulose acetate

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85
Q

commercially obtained from sugar cane or sugar beet; table sugar

A

sucrose

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86
Q

formation of glycogen

A

glycogenesis

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87
Q

It is hydrolyzed by both α and ß-amylases and by glycogen phosphorylase

A

glycogen

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88
Q

A major part of connective tissue, they can hold large quantities of water owing to their numerous negatively charged OH groups

A

Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs)/Mucopolysaccharides

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89
Q

it provide excellent lubrication and cushioning to nearby structures

A

Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs)/Mucopolysaccharides

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90
Q

value of lactose

A

16

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91
Q

C4 epimers

A

glucose and galactose

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92
Q

formation of glucose using other compounds

A

gluconeogenesis

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93
Q

Source of D-Arabinose

A

Gum Arabic, plum, and cherry gum

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94
Q

main sugar of insect hemolymph

A

Trehalose

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95
Q

Is a relative ranking of carbohydrate in foods according to how they affect blood glucose levels

A

Glycemic Index

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96
Q

Protective agent of carbohydrates; serves as lubricant

A

mucin

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97
Q

meaning of DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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98
Q

It contains both α(1,4) links and α(1,6) branches at every 8 to 12 glucose unit

A

glycogen

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99
Q

Monosaccharides with an actual or potential aldehydic carbonyl group

A

aldoses

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100
Q

hydrolysis of inulin yields

A

fructose

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101
Q

A test for monosaccharides

A

Barfoed’s Test

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102
Q

Sweetest sugar

A

fructose

103
Q

Oxidation of 1g of protein

A

yields to 4kcal of energy

104
Q

A test for pentoses and hexoses

A

Moolisch’s Test

105
Q

Type of Monosaccharide in Maltose

A

glu + glu

106
Q

Most important carbohydrate in the body

A

glucose (C6H12O6)

107
Q

uses of Lactulose

A
  1. laxative
  2. management of portal systemic encephalopathy (dupalac)
108
Q

carbonyl group under C1

A

Aldose Sugar

109
Q

These reactions produce either a product that can be measured photometrically or an electrical current that is proportional to the initial glucose concentration

A

Glucose measurement methods

110
Q

carbonyl group under C2

A

Ketose Sugar

111
Q

Type of Monosaccharide in Sucrose

A

glu + fruc

112
Q

suspending agent and bulk laxative

A

Methylcellulose

113
Q

Source of D-Mannose

A

hydrolysis of plant mannans and gums

114
Q

structural tissues in plants and in microorganism

A
  1. cellulose in plants
  2. chitin in insects
  3. peptidoglycan in bacteria
  4. hyaluronic acid as ground substance in connective tissue
115
Q

fructose intolerance leads to fructosemia and hypoglycemia

A

D-Fructose

116
Q

Glycosylation can be measured very accurately with a blood test for ____________, which shows a molecule of glucose bonded to a molecule of hemoglobin.

A

glycosylated hemoglobin or Hb-A1c

117
Q

constituents of many glycoproteins

A

D-Mannose

118
Q

Inulin’s color with iodine

A

yellow

119
Q

color of cellulose with iodine

A

no color

120
Q

synthesis of ATP by phosphorylation of ADP for which energy is obtained by electron transport and which takes place in the mitochondria during aerobic respiration

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

121
Q

carbon that is double bonded to oxygen

A

carbonyl group

122
Q

can be changed in the liver and be metabolized

A

D-Galactose

123
Q

Source of D-Ribulose

A

Metabolic processes

124
Q

how many percent of cellulose does a cotton flax has

A

97-99% cellulose

125
Q

Consists of a polypeptide-polysaccharide known as

A

peptidoglycan or murein

126
Q

Sugars of Pentose

A
  1. D-Ribose
  2. D-Ribulose
  3. D-Arabinose
  4. D-Xylose
  5. D-Lyxose
  6. L-Xylulose
127
Q

Homopolysaccharide

A
  1. starch
  2. cellulose
  3. glycogen
  4. inulin
  5. chitin
  6. dextrans
  7. dextrins
128
Q

sugar in Type AB

A

N - Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and D - galactose are present

129
Q

stereoisomers that differ only in configuration about one chiral carbon with the D-glucose as reference

A

epimers

130
Q

In Random Blood Sugar, a level of ___ mg/dl or higher is a sign that you have diabetes

A

200

131
Q

It is a polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones

A

carbohydrates

132
Q

Constituents of glycoproteins

A

D-Arabinose
D-Xylose

133
Q

gain of electrons

A

reduction

134
Q

They are usually polymers (MW from 200,000) and are unusually white and amorphous (glassy) un appearance

A

Polysacharide/Glycan/Glycosan

135
Q

a broad group of biological substances

A

carbohydrates

136
Q

Type of Diabetes Mellitus which cannot be prevented or cured

A

Type 1

137
Q

an enzyme on sugar

A

invase

138
Q

known as malt sugar

A

maltose

139
Q

dextrins is also referred to as

A

often referred to as either amylodextrins, erythrodextrins or achrodextrins

140
Q

Was the gold standard for making the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. It is still commonly used during pregnancy for diagnosing gestational diabetes. With this, the person fasts overnight (at least 8 hours, but not more than 16 hours)

A

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

141
Q

It is used commercially in coating (extends the shelf life of fruits and meats)

A

chitin

142
Q

asymmetric or chiral carbon, a site of …

A

stereoisomerism

143
Q

from yeast and fungi

A

Trehalose

144
Q

biochemical
entities

A
  • fats and proteins
  • glycosides, vitamins and antibiotics
145
Q

intermediate in uronic acid pathway

A

L-Xylulose

146
Q

Tollen’s test uses

A

silver nitrate

147
Q

Present in urine in essential pentosuria

A

L-Xylulose

148
Q

glycolysis, then the pyruvate is furthered
oxidized completely into CO2 and H2O.

A

Aerobic Respiration

149
Q

monosaccharide means

A

1 sugar only

150
Q

elevated blood glucose

A

Hyperglycemia

151
Q

laxative obtained from cellulose

A

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

152
Q

sugar in Type B

A

D - galactose

153
Q

It is used as diagnostic agent for evaluation of glomerular filtration rate ( renal function test)

A

inulin

154
Q

Source of L-Xylulose

A

none

155
Q

A fasting blood sugar level ______ (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests, is considered diabetes

A

126 mg/dL

156
Q

what molecules does glycoprotein transport

A
  1. transferrin for iron transport
  2. ceruloplasmin for copper transport
157
Q

sugar in RNA

A

ribose

158
Q

A test for Pentoses

A

Seliwanoff’s Test

159
Q

Example of Glucose oxidase

A

Testape, Clinistix, Diastix (urinary glucose) and Dextrostix (venous glucose)

160
Q

present in urine diabetes mellitus (glucosuria)

A

D-Glucose

161
Q

glucose to pyruvate

A

glycolysis

162
Q

what are the reducing sugars

A
  1. all monosaccharides
  2. Most disaccharides
163
Q

hydrolysis of sucrose yield

A

glucose and fructose

164
Q

abnormally elevated level

A

Galactosemia

165
Q

uses of dextrins

A
  1. mucilages (glues)
  2. infant formulas (prevent the curdling of
    milk in baby’s stomach)
166
Q

what does cellulose yields upon complete hydrolysis

A

glucose

167
Q

it is sweeter and more soluble than ordinary a-lactose

A

b-lactose

168
Q

hydroxyl group

A

(OH)

169
Q

Relative Sweetness of Sugar from highest to lowest

A
  1. Fructose
  2. Invert
  3. Inverted (invase)
  4. Sucrose
  5. Glucose
  6. Xylose
  7. Maltose
  8. Galactose
  9. Lactose
170
Q

applied to monosaccharides and some oligosaccharides

A

sugar

171
Q

glycoprotein hormones

A
  1. FSH = follicle-stimulating hormones
  2. TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormones
172
Q

Fehling’s Test uses

A

KOH/NaOH and CuSO4

173
Q

is the generation of energy directly from an enzymatic reaction. During the reaction, you generate ATP without going through the Electron transport chain

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

174
Q

A fasting blood sugar level ______ mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is considered prediabetes.

A

from 100 to 125

175
Q

Ribulose phosphate is an intermediate in the PPP

A

D-Ribulose

176
Q

Sources of inulin

A

onions, garlic, dandelions and
Jerusalem artichokes

177
Q

the most important carbohydrate

A

D-Glucose

178
Q

Measures your body’s response to sugar (glucose). It is done during pregnancy to screen for gestational diabetes — diabetes that develops during pregnancy

A

Oral Glucose Test

179
Q

most important source of energy for the body

A

carbohydrates

180
Q

They are not sweet, not reducing and do not give the typical aldose or ketose reactions

A

Polysacharide/Glycan/Glycosan

181
Q

least sweet

A

Lactose

182
Q

structural components of nucleic acids and coenzymes and flavoproteins

A

D-Ribose

183
Q

Heteropolysaccharide

A
  1. pectins
  2. bacterial cell wall
  3. glycosaminoglycans(GAGs)/Mucopolysaccharides
  4. Hyaluronic acid derivatives
  5. Gums
184
Q

Oxidation of 1g of carbohydrates

A

yields to 4kcal of energy

185
Q

reaction for Moolisch’s Test

A

Alpha napthol reaction

186
Q

carbon in the carbonyl group that is attach to an oxygen only and not to an OH is called

A

anomeric carbon

187
Q

glycolysis, but the pyruvate is converted to lactic acid

A

Anaerobic Respiration

188
Q

biological substances in carbohydrates include

A

monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides

189
Q

It is linear (no branching)

A

Inulin

190
Q

uses of dextrans

A
  1. plasma expanders (treatment of shock)
  2. molecular sieves to separate proteins and other large molecules (gel filtration chromatography)
191
Q

Polysacharide/Glycan/Glycosan

A
  1. Homopolysaccharide
  2. Heteropolysaccharide
192
Q

Widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industry

A

gums

193
Q

The chains are of varying length, having molecular weights from several thousands to half a million

A

starch

194
Q

how many percent of cellulose does a wood has

A

~50% cellulose

195
Q

in woody plant tissues, cellulose are being held together by

A

lignin

196
Q

Benedict’s Test uses

A

Na2Co3 and CuSO4

197
Q

elevated fructose in the blood

A

Fructosemia

198
Q

intermediate in the hydrolysis of starch

A

dextrins

199
Q

sugar in Type O

A

N - Acetylgalactosamine and D - galactose are absent

200
Q

empirical formula of carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n

201
Q

On hydrolysis, pectins yield

A

GaGaAraMeanAce
galacturonic acid, galactose, arabinose, methanol and acetic acid

202
Q

polysaccharide means

A

more than 10 sugars

203
Q

A test for pentoses and hexoses, but more of pentoses

A

Bial’s Test

204
Q

Aerobic Respiration can undergo three processes:

A

Glycolysis
Kreb’s cycle
Electron transport chain

205
Q

it means each of the carbon atoms (C) contains your hydroxyl group (OH)

A

polyhydroxy

206
Q

It is the most common storage polysaccharide in plants composed of 10-30% α-amylose and 70-90% amylopectin depending on the source

A

starch

207
Q

used as binder/disintegrant in tablets

A

Microcrystalline cellulose

208
Q

Type of Diabetes Mellitus which the body does not create enough insulin

A

Type 1

209
Q

glycoprotein enzymes

A
  1. pepsin
  2. DNase (deoxyribonuclease)
210
Q

disaccharide means

A

more than 2 sugars

211
Q

Sugars of Hexose

A
  1. D-Glucose
  2. D-Fructose
  3. D-Galactose
  4. D-Mannose
212
Q

where is chitin located

A

present in the cell wall of fungi and the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects and spiders

213
Q

ratios of a and b-anomers in milk contents

A

2:3

214
Q

example of ketose

A

fructose

215
Q

Positive Fehling and Benedict’s test precipitate

A

brick red

216
Q

highest numbered chiral carbon or the last chiral carbon is called

A

penultimate carbon

217
Q

Type of Diabetes Mellitus which causes include genetics, aging, inactivity, obesity, and more

A

Type 2

218
Q

if carbon is attached to four different groups, it is called

A

asymmetric or chiral carbon

219
Q

Synthesized in the mammary gland to make the lactose of milk

A

D-Galactose

220
Q

frequently used as oxidizing agent

A

copper sulfate

221
Q

CHO that contains free sugar group

A

Moore’s Test

222
Q

loss of electrons

A

oxidation

223
Q

Composed of only one monosaccharide unit

A

Homopolysaccharide

224
Q

Macromolecules consisting of (about 10 or more) monosaccharide units and their derivatives joined by glycosidic linkages of unspecified length

A

Polysacharide/Glycan/Glycosan

225
Q

two forms of starch

A

Amylose and amylopectin

226
Q

enteric coating

A

Cellulose acetate phthalate

227
Q

Others are used as ophthalmic surgical adjunct in cataract extractions, intraocular lens implantation, corneal transplant and retinal attachment surgery (Healon, Amvisc, AMO Vitrax)

A

Hyaluronic Acid derivatives

228
Q

A test for deoxysugar

A

Killiani’s Test

229
Q

Carbohydrate’s reducing power is tested using

A

TF, Ben
1. Tollen’s Test
2. Fehling’s Test
3. Benedict’s Test

230
Q

Most abundant of all carbohydrates

A

cellulose

231
Q

Measures blood glucose exactly 2 hours after eating a meal, timed from the start of the meal. By this point blood sugar has usually gone back down in healthy people, but it may still be elevated in people with diabetes

A

2 Hour Postprandial Blood Glucose

232
Q

products obtained from cellulose

A
  1. Microcrystalline cellulose
  2. methylcellulose
  3. oxidized cellulose
  4. sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
  5. cellulose acetate
  6. cellulose acetate phthalate
  7. nitrocellulose
233
Q

Source of D-Fructose

A

fruit juice
honey
cane sugar
inulin

234
Q

Moolisch’s Test’s positive result

A

purple ring

235
Q

this forms the basis for the measurement of urinary and blood glucose

A

Glucose oxidase

236
Q

removes ammonia produced in the GIT

A

Lactulose

237
Q

uses of pectins

A

gelling agents (to make jellies)

238
Q

meaning of RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

239
Q

can be changed to glucose in the liver

A

D-Fructose

240
Q

Produced by the partial hydrolysis of starch along with maltose and glucose

A

dextrins

241
Q

DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH CHO METABOLISM

A
  1. Diabetes Mellitus Type I and Type II
  2. Lactose Intolerance
  3. Galactosemia
  4. Glycogen Storage Diseases
242
Q

monosaccharides that are reducing sugar

A

both aldose and ketose

243
Q

explosives, collodion (pyroxylin)

A

Nitrocellulose

244
Q

A fasting blood sugar level ________ mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is normal.

A

less than 100

245
Q

Source of amylose in starch

A

plant

246
Q

abnormally elevated sugar level in the urine

A

Glucosuria

247
Q

Serve as an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)

A

D-Ribose

248
Q

Constituents of lyxoflavin isolated in human heart

A

D-Lyxose

249
Q

C2 epimers

A

glucose and mannose

250
Q

other term for enantiomers

A

D/L isomerism

251
Q

it is a highly branched structure, with branches occurring ever 12 to 30 residues

A

amylopectin

252
Q

The chains are linear (unbranched)

A

Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs)/Mucopolysaccharides

253
Q

Source of amylopectin in starch

A

plant

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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