Carbohydrate Chemistry Flashcards
1
Q
They are the polysaccharide chains containing repeating disaccharide units of amino sugars and uronic acid
A
Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs)/Mucopolysaccharides
2
Q
value of sucrose
A
100
3
Q
Type of Diabetes Mellitus which can be prevented through lifestyle modification
A
Type 2
4
Q
Type of Diabetes Mellitus which requires insulin injections for life
A
Type 1
5
Q
Checks your blood glucose at a random time of day.
A
random blood sugar
6
Q
Sugar carried by the blood and utilized by the tissues
A
D-Glucose
7
Q
it is produced by partial hydrolysis of starch (either salivary amylase or pancreatic amylase)
A
maltose
8
Q
A test for Pentoses and Galactoses
A
Tollen’s Test
9
Q
Oxidation of 1g of fats
A
yields to 9kcal of energy
10
Q
Polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones with three or more carbons occurring as a single unit with no glycosidic connection with other units having at least a potential carbonyl group
A
Monosaccharides/Glycoses
11
Q
milk is from what kind of sugar
A
lactose
12
Q
in starch, hydrolysis also yields the disaccharides …
A
maltose and isomaltose
13
Q
Source of D-Lyxose
A
Heart muscle
14
Q
Type of Monosaccharide in Lactose
A
glu + gal
15
Q
It is present in cells as granules (high MW)
A
glycogen
16
Q
They cannot be hydrolyzed further to simple sugars
A
Monosaccharides/Glycoses
17
Q
Type of Diabetes Mellitus which requires insulin as needed, injected, or oral
A
Type 2
18
Q
Source of D-Glucose
A
Fruit juice
hydrolysis of starch
cane sugar
maltose
lactose
19
Q
low blood glucose
A
Hypoglycemia
20
Q
Source of glycogen
A
animal
21
Q
Complete hydrolysis of glycogen yields
A
glucose
22
Q
Glucose measurement methods
A
- Glucose oxidase
- Glucose dehydrogenase
- Hexokinase
23
Q
Carbohydrates is made up of what components
A
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
24
Q
metabolized in the distal ileum and colon by bacteria to lactic acid, formic acid, and acetic acid
A
Lactulose
25
precipitate of copper sulfate as oxidizing agent
brick red of Cu2O
26
disaccharide that is not a reducing sugar
sucrose (table sugar)
27
It provides strength and rigidity for bacteria
bacterial cell wall
28
Several products are used in the management of osteoarthritis symptoms (Hyalagan and Synvisc)
Hyaluronic Acid derivatives
29
FIELDS INVOLVED IN THE STUDY OF CHO
* Diabetology/Internal Medicine/General Medicine,
* Glycobiology,
* Glycomics,
* Biochemistry,
* Nutrition
30
Oligosaccharides
Disaccharides
Trisaccharides
Tetrasaccharides
Pentasaccharides
31
two major aldohexose in nature
glucose and galactose
32
Products of the reaction of glucose and the enzyme transglucosidase from Leuconostoc mesenteriode
dextrans
33
Type of Diabetes Mellitus which causes are unknown, but genetics may play a role
Type 1
34
the formation of pentose from hexoses
Pentose Phosphate Pathway/Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
35
Macromolecules consisting of (usually 3 to 10) monosaccharide units and their derivatives joined by glycosidic linkages of specified length
oligosaccharides
36
what happens in oxidation
losing electrons (-) = gaining protons (+)
37
Monosaccharide with an actual or potential ketonic carbonyl group
ketoses
38
uses of maltose
1. nutrient (malt extract; horduem vulgare)
2. sweeter
3. fermentative reagent
39
a semi synthetic disaccharide that is not absorbed in the GIT
Lactulose
40
A blood sample is taken after a patient fasts for at least 8 hours
Fasting Blood Sugar
41
They form colloidal solutions or suspensions when dissolved
Polysacharide/Glycan/Glycosan
42
Examples of Disaccharides
Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose
43
second most abundant carbohydrate polymer
chitin
44
the biological energy fuel for all living systems
Adenosine triphosphate
45
pectins can be found in
pulp of fruits (citrus,apples)
46
sugar with an available carbonyl group (C=O)
reducing sugar
47
Pectins are composed of
galactans and arabans
48
oligosaccharide means
few sugar
49
Source of D-Galactose
hydrolysis of lactose
50
Source of cellulose
plant
51
Partial hydrolysis of cellulose yields
cellubiose
52
Seliwanoff's Test's positive color reaction
dark color reaction
53
iodine in glycogen gives a ___ color
red-violet
54
Source of D-Ribose
Nucleic acid
55
characteristics and diagnostic for starch
blue color given by helical conformation iodine
56
breaking down of glycogen resulting to glucose
glycogenolysis
57
components of glycolipids and glycoprotein
D-Galactose
58
inverted sugar
action of invase
59
Positive Tollen's test precipitate
metallic silver
60
what protein transports molecule in carbohydrates
glycoprotein
61
hemostat
Oxidized cellulose
62
Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs)/Mucopolysaccharides is called _____ when linked to a protein core via a serine or threonine (O-linked)
proteoglycans
63
examples of aldoses
glucose and glyceraldehyde
64
Source of D-Xylose
wood, gums, proteoglycans, GAGs
65
Also known as animal starch
glycogen
66
Type of Diabetes Mellitus which the body does not create enough insulin or develops insulin resistance
Type 2
67
Process of Seliwanoff's Test
reduction
68
sugar in DNA
deoxyribose
69
other term for sucrose
table sugar
70
where can you locate a glycogen
stored in muscle and liver
71
From red to blue reaction
Killiani's Test
72
It has a lower MW than starch
Inulin
73
It determines the gram staining characteristic of the bacteria
bacterial cell wall
74
three major classes of carbohydrates
1. monosaccharides
2. disaccharides
3. polysaccharides
75
Used as suspending agents, gelling agents, thickening agents, emulsifiers, foam stabilizers, crystallization inhibitors, adhesives, binding agents, agar, tragacanth, karaya, carrageenan, gum Arabic (acacia), furcellaran, sodium alginate, locust bean gum
gums
76
Value of fructose
173.3
77
failure to metabolize leads to galactosemia and cataract
D-Galactose
78
uses of lactose
1. infant formulation
2. penicillin production
3. diluents in pharmaceuticals
79
Functions of Carbohydrates
1. Broken down to yield ATP
2. Serve as intermediates for the biosynthesis of biochemical
entities
3. Associated with other entities such as glycosides, vitamins
and antibiotics
4. They serve as precursors for DNA, RNA and ascorbic acid
synthesis
5. They form structural tissues in plants and in microorganism
80
sugar in Type A
GalNAc
N - Acetylgalactosamine
81
mirror image of each other
enantiomers
82
Carbohydrates is derived from
Hydrates of carbon
it has water and made up of carbon
83
invert sugar
mixed equal parts of glucose and fructose
84
rayon, photographic film, plastics
Cellulose acetate
85
commercially obtained from sugar cane or sugar beet; table sugar
sucrose
86
formation of glycogen
glycogenesis
87
It is hydrolyzed by both α and ß-amylases and by glycogen phosphorylase
glycogen
88
A major part of connective tissue, they can hold large quantities of water owing to their numerous negatively charged OH groups
Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs)/Mucopolysaccharides
89
it provide excellent lubrication and cushioning to nearby structures
Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs)/Mucopolysaccharides
90
value of lactose
16
91
C4 epimers
glucose and galactose
92
formation of glucose using other compounds
gluconeogenesis
93
Source of D-Arabinose
Gum Arabic, plum, and cherry gum
94
main sugar of insect hemolymph
Trehalose
95
Is a relative ranking of carbohydrate in foods according to how they affect blood glucose levels
Glycemic Index
96
Protective agent of carbohydrates; serves as lubricant
mucin
97
meaning of DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
98
It contains both α(1,4) links and α(1,6) branches at every 8 to 12 glucose unit
glycogen
99
Monosaccharides with an actual or potential aldehydic carbonyl group
aldoses
100
hydrolysis of inulin yields
fructose
101
A test for monosaccharides
Barfoed's Test
102
Sweetest sugar
fructose
103
Oxidation of 1g of protein
yields to 4kcal of energy
104
A test for pentoses and hexoses
Moolisch's Test
105
Type of Monosaccharide in Maltose
glu + glu
106
Most important carbohydrate in the body
glucose (C6H12O6)
107
uses of Lactulose
1. laxative
2. management of portal systemic encephalopathy (dupalac)
108
carbonyl group under C1
Aldose Sugar
109
These reactions produce either a product that can be measured photometrically or an electrical current that is proportional to the initial glucose concentration
Glucose measurement methods
110
carbonyl group under C2
Ketose Sugar
111
Type of Monosaccharide in Sucrose
glu + fruc
112
suspending agent and bulk laxative
Methylcellulose
113
Source of D-Mannose
hydrolysis of plant mannans and gums
114
structural tissues in plants and in microorganism
1. cellulose in plants
2. chitin in insects
3. peptidoglycan in bacteria
4. hyaluronic acid as ground substance in connective tissue
115
fructose intolerance leads to fructosemia and hypoglycemia
D-Fructose
116
Glycosylation can be measured very accurately with a blood test for ____________, which shows a molecule of glucose bonded to a molecule of hemoglobin.
glycosylated hemoglobin or Hb-A1c
117
constituents of many glycoproteins
D-Mannose
118
Inulin's color with iodine
yellow
119
color of cellulose with iodine
no color
120
synthesis of ATP by phosphorylation of ADP for which energy is obtained by electron transport and which takes place in the mitochondria during aerobic respiration
Oxidative Phosphorylation
121
carbon that is double bonded to oxygen
carbonyl group
122
can be changed in the liver and be metabolized
D-Galactose
123
Source of D-Ribulose
Metabolic processes
124
how many percent of cellulose does a cotton flax has
97-99% cellulose
125
Consists of a polypeptide-polysaccharide known as
peptidoglycan or murein
126
Sugars of Pentose
1. D-Ribose
2. D-Ribulose
3. D-Arabinose
4. D-Xylose
5. D-Lyxose
6. L-Xylulose
127
Homopolysaccharide
1. starch
2. cellulose
3. glycogen
4. inulin
5. chitin
6. dextrans
7. dextrins
128
sugar in Type AB
N - Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and D - galactose are present
129
stereoisomers that differ only in configuration about one chiral carbon with the D-glucose as reference
epimers
130
In Random Blood Sugar, a level of ___ mg/dl or higher is a sign that you have diabetes
200
131
It is a polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones
carbohydrates
132
Constituents of glycoproteins
D-Arabinose
D-Xylose
133
gain of electrons
reduction
134
They are usually polymers (MW from 200,000) and are unusually white and amorphous (glassy) un appearance
Polysacharide/Glycan/Glycosan
135
a broad group of biological substances
carbohydrates
136
Type of Diabetes Mellitus which cannot be prevented or cured
Type 1
137
an enzyme on sugar
invase
138
known as malt sugar
maltose
139
dextrins is also referred to as
often referred to as either amylodextrins, erythrodextrins or achrodextrins
140
Was the gold standard for making the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. It is still commonly used during pregnancy for diagnosing gestational diabetes. With this, the person fasts overnight (at least 8 hours, but not more than 16 hours)
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
141
It is used commercially in coating (extends the shelf life of fruits and meats)
chitin
142
asymmetric or chiral carbon, a site of ...
stereoisomerism
143
from yeast and fungi
Trehalose
144
biochemical
entities
- fats and proteins
- glycosides, vitamins and antibiotics
145
intermediate in uronic acid pathway
L-Xylulose
146
Tollen's test uses
silver nitrate
147
Present in urine in essential pentosuria
L-Xylulose
148
glycolysis, then the pyruvate is furthered
oxidized completely into CO2 and H2O.
Aerobic Respiration
149
monosaccharide means
1 sugar only
150
elevated blood glucose
Hyperglycemia
151
laxative obtained from cellulose
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
152
sugar in Type B
D - galactose
153
It is used as diagnostic agent for evaluation of glomerular filtration rate ( renal function test)
inulin
154
Source of L-Xylulose
none
155
A fasting blood sugar level ______ (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests, is considered diabetes
126 mg/dL
156
what molecules does glycoprotein transport
1. transferrin for iron transport
2. ceruloplasmin for copper transport
157
sugar in RNA
ribose
158
A test for Pentoses
Seliwanoff's Test
159
Example of Glucose oxidase
Testape, Clinistix, Diastix (urinary glucose) and Dextrostix (venous glucose)
160
present in urine diabetes mellitus (glucosuria)
D-Glucose
161
glucose to pyruvate
glycolysis
162
what are the reducing sugars
1. all monosaccharides
2. Most disaccharides
163
hydrolysis of sucrose yield
glucose and fructose
164
abnormally elevated level
Galactosemia
165
uses of dextrins
1. mucilages (glues)
2. infant formulas (prevent the curdling of
milk in baby’s stomach)
166
what does cellulose yields upon complete hydrolysis
glucose
167
it is sweeter and more soluble than ordinary a-lactose
b-lactose
168
hydroxyl group
(OH)
169
Relative Sweetness of Sugar from highest to lowest
1. Fructose
2. Invert
3. Inverted (invase)
4. Sucrose
5. Glucose
6. Xylose
7. Maltose
8. Galactose
9. Lactose
170
applied to monosaccharides and some oligosaccharides
sugar
171
glycoprotein hormones
1. FSH = follicle-stimulating hormones
2. TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormones
172
Fehling's Test uses
KOH/NaOH and CuSO4
173
is the generation of energy directly from an enzymatic reaction. During the reaction, you generate ATP without going through the Electron transport chain
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
174
A fasting blood sugar level ______ mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is considered prediabetes.
from 100 to 125
175
Ribulose phosphate is an intermediate in the PPP
D-Ribulose
176
Sources of inulin
onions, garlic, dandelions and
Jerusalem artichokes
177
the most important carbohydrate
D-Glucose
178
Measures your body's response to sugar (glucose). It is done during pregnancy to screen for gestational diabetes — diabetes that develops during pregnancy
Oral Glucose Test
179
most important source of energy for the body
carbohydrates
180
They are not sweet, not reducing and do not give the typical aldose or ketose reactions
Polysacharide/Glycan/Glycosan
181
least sweet
Lactose
182
structural components of nucleic acids and coenzymes and flavoproteins
D-Ribose
183
Heteropolysaccharide
1. pectins
2. bacterial cell wall
3. glycosaminoglycans(GAGs)/Mucopolysaccharides
4. Hyaluronic acid derivatives
5. Gums
184
Oxidation of 1g of carbohydrates
yields to 4kcal of energy
185
reaction for Moolisch's Test
Alpha napthol reaction
186
carbon in the carbonyl group that is attach to an oxygen only and not to an OH is called
anomeric carbon
187
glycolysis, but the pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
Anaerobic Respiration
188
biological substances in carbohydrates include
monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides as well as substances derived from monosaccharides
189
It is linear (no branching)
Inulin
190
uses of dextrans
1. plasma expanders (treatment of shock)
2. molecular sieves to separate proteins and other large molecules (gel filtration chromatography)
191
Polysacharide/Glycan/Glycosan
1. Homopolysaccharide
2. Heteropolysaccharide
192
Widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industry
gums
193
The chains are of varying length, having molecular weights from several thousands to half a million
starch
194
how many percent of cellulose does a wood has
~50% cellulose
195
in woody plant tissues, cellulose are being held together by
lignin
196
Benedict's Test uses
Na2Co3 and CuSO4
197
elevated fructose in the blood
Fructosemia
198
intermediate in the hydrolysis of starch
dextrins
199
sugar in Type O
N - Acetylgalactosamine and D - galactose are absent
200
empirical formula of carbohydrates
(CH2O)n
201
On hydrolysis, pectins yield
GaGaAraMeanAce
galacturonic acid, galactose, arabinose, methanol and acetic acid
202
polysaccharide means
more than 10 sugars
203
A test for pentoses and hexoses, but more of pentoses
Bial's Test
204
Aerobic Respiration can undergo three processes:
Glycolysis
Kreb’s cycle
Electron transport chain
205
it means each of the carbon atoms (C) contains your hydroxyl group (OH)
polyhydroxy
206
It is the most common storage polysaccharide in plants composed of 10-30% α-amylose and 70-90% amylopectin depending on the source
starch
207
used as binder/disintegrant in tablets
Microcrystalline cellulose
208
Type of Diabetes Mellitus which the body does not create enough insulin
Type 1
209
glycoprotein enzymes
1. pepsin
2. DNase (deoxyribonuclease)
210
disaccharide means
more than 2 sugars
211
Sugars of Hexose
1. D-Glucose
2. D-Fructose
3. D-Galactose
4. D-Mannose
212
where is chitin located
present in the cell wall of fungi and the exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects and spiders
213
ratios of a and b-anomers in milk contents
2:3
214
example of ketose
fructose
215
Positive Fehling and Benedict's test precipitate
brick red
216
highest numbered chiral carbon or the last chiral carbon is called
penultimate carbon
217
Type of Diabetes Mellitus which causes include genetics, aging, inactivity, obesity, and more
Type 2
218
if carbon is attached to four different groups, it is called
asymmetric or chiral carbon
219
Synthesized in the mammary gland to make the lactose of milk
D-Galactose
220
frequently used as oxidizing agent
copper sulfate
221
CHO that contains free sugar group
Moore's Test
222
loss of electrons
oxidation
223
Composed of only one monosaccharide unit
Homopolysaccharide
224
Macromolecules consisting of (about 10 or more) monosaccharide units and their derivatives joined by glycosidic linkages of unspecified length
Polysacharide/Glycan/Glycosan
225
two forms of starch
Amylose and amylopectin
226
enteric coating
Cellulose acetate phthalate
227
Others are used as ophthalmic surgical adjunct in cataract extractions, intraocular lens implantation, corneal transplant and retinal attachment surgery (Healon, Amvisc, AMO Vitrax)
Hyaluronic Acid derivatives
228
A test for deoxysugar
Killiani's Test
229
Carbohydrate's reducing power is tested using
TF, Ben
1. Tollen's Test
2. Fehling's Test
3. Benedict's Test
230
Most abundant of all carbohydrates
cellulose
231
Measures blood glucose exactly 2 hours after eating a meal, timed from the start of the meal. By this point blood sugar has usually gone back down in healthy people, but it may still be elevated in people with diabetes
2 Hour Postprandial Blood Glucose
232
products obtained from cellulose
1. Microcrystalline cellulose
2. methylcellulose
3. oxidized cellulose
4. sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
5. cellulose acetate
6. cellulose acetate phthalate
7. nitrocellulose
233
Source of D-Fructose
fruit juice
honey
cane sugar
inulin
234
Moolisch's Test's positive result
purple ring
235
this forms the basis for the measurement of urinary and blood glucose
Glucose oxidase
236
removes ammonia produced in the GIT
Lactulose
237
uses of pectins
gelling agents (to make jellies)
238
meaning of RNA
ribonucleic acid
239
can be changed to glucose in the liver
D-Fructose
240
Produced by the partial hydrolysis of starch along with maltose and glucose
dextrins
241
DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH CHO METABOLISM
1. Diabetes Mellitus Type I and Type II
2. Lactose Intolerance
3. Galactosemia
4. Glycogen Storage Diseases
242
monosaccharides that are reducing sugar
both aldose and ketose
243
explosives, collodion (pyroxylin)
Nitrocellulose
244
A fasting blood sugar level ________ mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is normal.
less than 100
245
Source of amylose in starch
plant
246
abnormally elevated sugar level in the urine
Glucosuria
247
Serve as an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)
D-Ribose
248
Constituents of lyxoflavin isolated in human heart
D-Lyxose
249
C2 epimers
glucose and mannose
250
other term for enantiomers
D/L isomerism
251
it is a highly branched structure, with branches occurring ever 12 to 30 residues
amylopectin
252
The chains are linear (unbranched)
Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs)/Mucopolysaccharides
253
Source of amylopectin in starch
plant
