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AS Biology > Lipids and proteins- part of Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Lipids and proteins- part of Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are lipids?

A

Lipids are a different form of carbohydrate and proteins because they are not polymers made from a chain of monomers

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2
Q

What are lipids made up of?

Be vague

A

They are made up of a variety of different components but all are made up of hydrocarbons.

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3
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon is a molecule that contains hydrogen and carbon atoms only.

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4
Q

What are the two types of lipid?

A

A triglyceride and a phospholipid

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5
Q

Triglycerides

What are triglycerides made from?

A

They are made from one glycerol molecule with three fatty acids attached onto it

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6
Q

MAKE SURE YOU KNOW HOW TO DRAW THE GENERAL STRCUTURE OF A TRIGLYCERIDE

A

——– DRAW IT OUT NOW TO PRACTICE

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7
Q

What are the fatty acid tails made up of?

A

They are long tails made up of hydrocarbons

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8
Q

MAKE SURE YOU KNOW THE STRUCTURE OF A GLYCEROL MOLECULE

A

DRAW IT OUT NOW WITH ANY LABELS

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9
Q

MAKE SURE YOU KNOW THE STRCTURE OF A FATTY ACID TAIL

A

DRAW IT OUT NOW WITH ANY LABELS

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10
Q

What are two ways that fatty acids can be made?

A

Fatty acids are possible to make but others have to be ingested to make them this makes them ‘‘essential’’ fatty acids.

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11
Q

What are ‘‘essential’’ fatty acids?

A

These are fatty acids that cant just be made, they have to be ingested to be made and this makes them ‘‘essential’’

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12
Q

Fatty acids

Draw the diagram that shows that the carboxyl group is an acid and how it forms a H+ molecule

A

Also remember to add labels

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13
Q

When is an acid termed an acid?

A

A acid is term an acid when it produces H+ ions

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14
Q

What are the two types of fatty acid?

A

Saturated and unsaturated

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15
Q

Draw out a unsaturated fatty acid chain

A

include labels

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16
Q

Draw out a saturated fatty acid chain

A

include labels

17
Q

What atoms is the double bond between in a unsaturated fatty acid molecule?

A

The two carbon ions

18
Q

What is the unsaturated chin called if there is only one double bond?

A

Monounsaturated

19
Q

What is the unsaturated chain called if there is more than one double bond?

A

polyunsaturated

20
Q

What do double bonds cause the chains to do?

A

Kink they are never straight

21
Q

What does it mean if the chain is fully saturated?

A

They have been fully saturated by hydrogen ions

22
Q

What is the name of the bond between a glycerol molecule and a fatty acid?

A

An ester bond

23
Q

What reaction forms an ester bond (triglyceride)?

A

A condensation reaction

24
Q

Draw out how a triglyceride is formed

A

include labels and what bond is formed and what type of reaction occurs

25
Q

Explain how triglycerides are good sources of energy

A

A lot of energy is released when they are broken down so when you hydrolyse the ester bonds and break the triglyceride into glycerol and 3 fatty acids energy is released

26
Q

Explain how triglycerides are a good energy store

A

They are insoluble so they can store fats In cells without them affecting water potential as if they were to lower the water potential water would move into the cell by osmosis and cause it to swell.
Also, triglycerides have a low mass : energy ratio so they are very light but still store a lot of energy.

27
Q

Explain how triglycerides are useful to animals

A

Fats help animals to float - buoyancy
Fats also provide heat as animals such as seals are surrounded to keep them warm in extreme temperatures and for hibernation
Fats are also useful for mechanical protection as they surround the kidneys to help protect them.

28
Q

After triglycerides have be hydrolysed into glycerol and 3 fatty acids what can they be the used for?

A

Glycerol—-> CO2+O2—> Energy——>ATP

fatty acids—->CO2+O2—-> Energy —->ATP

29
Q

Phospholipids

What are phospholipids?

A

They are a lipid found in the cell membrane and act as a bilayer (phospholipid bilayer)

30
Q

Draw a phospholipid molecule

A

Include labels

31
Q

How are phospholipids similar to triglycerides?

A

They are very similar in structure but the difference is that a phosphate group replaces a fatty acid.

32
Q

Name a property of the phosphate group of a phospholipid

A

They are hydrophilic so they attract water and they interact with the water on the outside of the cell

33
Q

Draw the structure the phospholipid bilayer

A

Add labels

34
Q

Name a property of the hydrocarbon fatty acid tails

A

They are hydrophobic so they repel water and point inwards.- due to this it makes it very hard for water soluble molecules to pass through the plasma membrane - acts as a barrier `

35
Q

Proteins

What is the monomer of a protein?

A

Amino acids

36
Q

Dipeptide-

polypeptide-

A

Dipeptide- formed when two amino acids are joined

Polypeptide- formed when more than two amino acids are joined.

AS Biology (4 decks)

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